Derivation and validation of urinary TIMP-1 for the prediction of acute kidney injury and mortality in critically ill children

Table 1 Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics among non-AKI and AKI status in validation cohort

	Non-AKI n = 279	AKI Stage 1 n = 21	AKI Stage 2 n = 22	AKI Stage 3 n = 35	P value
Age, months	22.5 [5.5–54.0]	11.0 [2.5–44.5]	48.0 [3.9–125.0]	16.0 [7.0–55.0]^#	0.16
Body weight, kg	12.0 [8.0–18.0]	9.0 [5.3–16.5]*	17.5 [7.6–25.8]	10.0 [7.0–16.0]^#	0.09
Male, n	184 (65.9)	13 (61.9)	15 (68.2)	20 (57.1)	0.76
PRISM III, score	2 [0–8]	5 [3–12]*	12 [5–23]*^#	12 [7–17]*^#	< 0.001
MV^a, n	61 (21.9)	6 (28.6)	12 (54.5)*	20 (57.1)*	< 0.001
Sepsis^a, n	50 (17.9)	3 (14.3)	5 (22.7)	14 (40.0)*	0.02
MODS^a, n	6 (2.2)	2 (9.5)	4 (18.2)*	19 (54.3)*^#&	< 0.001
Shock/DIC^a, n	7 (2.5)	2 (9.5)	9 (40.9)*	12 (34.3)*	< 0.001
Antibiotic^a, n	220 (78.9)	21 (100)*	18 (81.8)	30 (85.7)	0.10
Inotrope^a, n	14 (5.0)	2 (9.5)	10 (45.5)*^#	12 (34.3)*	< 0.001
Furosemide^a, n	62 (22.2)	6 (28.6)	6 (27.3)	21 (60.0)*^#	< 0.001
Steroid^a, n	130 (46.6)	11 (52.4)	10 (45.5)	9 (25.7)*	0.11
Hemofiltration^a, n	9 (3.2)	2 (9.5)	2 (9.1)	11 (31.4)*	< 0.001
LOS of PICU, hours	93.0 [48.0–163.0]	125.0 [66.5–264.0]	115.5 [30.5–276.0]	132.0 [81.0–288.0]*	0.03
PICU Mortality, n	11 (3.9)	2 (9.5)	6 (27.3)*	19 (54.3)*^#	< 0.001

AKI acute kidney injury, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, LOS length of stay, MODS multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, MV mechanical ventilation, PICU pediatric intensive care unit, PRISM III pediatric risk of mortality III
Values are median [interquartile range]. Numbers in parentheses denote percentages
^aAdministered or developed during PICU stay. *P < 0.05 vs. non-AKI, ^#P < 0.05 vs. AKI Stage 1, ^&P < 0.05 vs. AKI Stage 2

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