Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of populations in the discovery and validation study
Characteristics | Discovery study | Validation study | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AF (n = 12) | Non-AF (n = 12) | P value | AF (n = 30) | Non-AF (n = 30) | P value | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 71.9 ± 6.0 | 69.0 ± 4.1 | 0.33 | 68.9 ± 9.1 | 69.2 ± 8.0 | 0.88 |
Male n, (%) | 6 (50.0) | 6 (50.0) | 1.00 | 25 (83.3) | 23 (76.7) | 0.52 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 1.2 | 26.2 ± 1.3 | 0.22 | 26.4 ± 3.4 | 25.8 ± 3.0 | 0.47 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 134.5 ± 6.0 | 134.0 ± 5.4 | 0.95 | 136.8 ± 19.9 | 132.8 ± 14.3 | 0.38 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78.4 ± 4.9 | 74.7 ± 3.2 | 0.53 | 79.1 ± 12.0 | 72.7 ± 10.1 | 0.03 |
Heart rate (beats per min) | 75.8 ± 3.6 | 86.8 ± 4.2 | 0.06 | 74.2 ± 15.3 | 75.4 ± 9.6 | 0.70 |
Medical history n, (%) | ||||||
 Hypertension | 11 (91.7) | 9 (75.0) | 0.27 | 23 (76.7) | 21 (70.0) | 0.56 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 5 (41.7) | 4 (33.3) | 0.67 | 9 (30.0) | 11 (36.7) | 0.58 |
 Dyslipidemia | 10 (83.3) | 9 (75) | 0.62 | 19 (63.3) | 27 (90.0) | 0.02 |
 Congestive heart failure | 1 (8.3) | 0(0.0) | 0.31 | 9 (30.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.001 |
 Stroke | 1 (8.3) | 0(0.0) | 0.31 | 4 (13.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.04 |
 Bleeding history | 1 (8.3) | 0(0.0) | 0.31 | 5 (16.7) | 2 (6.7) | 0.23 |
 Smoking status | ||||||
  Ex-smoker | 5 (41.7) | 1 (8.3) | 0.06 | 17 (56.7) | 12 (40.0) | 0.33 |
  Current smoker | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | 3 (10.0) | ||
  Never smoke | 7 (58.3) | 11 (91.7) | 12 (40.0) | 15 (50.0) | ||
Medications n, (%) | ||||||
 Beta-blocker | 8 (66.7) | 2 (16.7) | 0.01 | 18 (60.0) | 7 (23.3) | 0.004 |
 Calcium channel blocker | 6 (50.0) | 4 (33.3) | 0.41 | 9 (30.0) | 11 (36.7) | 0.58 |
 ACE inhibitors or ARB | 6 (50) | 3 (25.0) | 0.21 | 13 (43.3) | 14 (46.7) | 0.80 |
 Statin | 7 (58.3) | 9 (75.0) | 0.39 | 18 (60.0) | 24 (80.0) | 0.09 |
 Warfarin | 10 (83.3) | 0 (0.0) |  < 0.001 | 18 (60.0) | 0 (0.0) |  < 0.001 |
 Aspirin | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | N/A | 1 (3.3) | 5 (16.7) | 0.09 |