Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the included subjects

Age (yrs)

47.10 ± 9.27

48.00 ± 10.95

60.13 ± 11.76

Gender (female, %)

3 (30.00%)

4(26.67%)

2 (13.33%)

BMI

23.75 ± 3.54

26.33 ± 5.77

24.80 ± 2.16

SBP (mmHg)

127.10 ± 16.96

123.07 ± 10.07

155.50 ± 20.18

DBP (mmHg)

82.50 (78.75–85.50)

81.00 (76.00–85.00)

85.00 (81.00–90.00)

T2DM duration (yrs)

–

2(0.25–8)

10 (10–20)

HbA1c (%)

–

10.32 ± 2.24

7.34 ± 1.26

eGFR (MDRD, ml/min/1.73m²)

133.95 ± 32.80

143.73 ± 30.72

18.59 ± 12.64

eGFR (CKD-EPI, ml/min/1.73m²)

107.19 ± 16.53

116.34 ± 13.32

18.05 ± 12.87

BUN (mmol/L)

4.75 ± 1.10

5.20 ± 1.89

19.17 ± 10.53

Creatinine (µmol/L)

57.83 ± 11.96

55.70 ± 11.48

465.72 ± 342.07

TC (mmol/L)

4.71 ± 0.87

4.72 ± 0.83

4.85 ± 1.82

TG (mmol)

0.85(0.54–2.34)

1.77(1.57–3.02)

1.49 (1.27–2.95)

LDL (mmol/L)

–

2.62 ± 0.84

2.55 ± 1.33

HDL (mmol/L)

–

0.93 ± 0.27

0.91 ± 0.17

24-h urine protein (g/d)

–

–

6.92 ± 3.10

Urine protein to creatinine ratio

–

0.06 ± 0.04

4.87 ± 2.03

Albumin (g/L)

43.47 ± 1.81

40.42 ± 3.10

30.37 ± 6.26

Albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g)

3.44 (0.22–6.49)

–

2692.30 (1251.19–4346.50)

Urine β2MG (mg/L)

0.21 (0.04–0.27)

–

20.83 (12.07–31.28)

Urine RBP (mg/L)

0.15 (0.01–0.42)

–

13.40 (7.80–18.54)

Urine CYC (mg/L)

0.01 (0.01–0.11)

–

1.58 (0.82–2.21)

Serum CYC (mg/L)

–

0.78 ± 0.07

3.64 ± 1.71

Hemoglobin (g/L)

137.20 ± 8.64

141.47 ± 13.63

94.40 ± 17.76

WBC (10⁹/L)

6.15 ± 1.06

6.23 ± 1.04

6.10 ± 1.87

Monocytes (10⁹/L)

0.43 ± 0.07

0.45 ± 0.13

0.51 ± 0.28

Lymphocytes (10⁹/L)

2.11 ± 0.59

2.12 ± 0.47

1.45 ± 1.20

Neutrophils (10⁹/L)

3.45 ± 0.98

3.50 ± 1.03

4.12 ± 1.45

hsCRP (mg/L)

–

1.51(1.13–2.88)

1.92(0.61–3.18)