Fig. 1

Constipation induced gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. Constipation was induced by loperamide in four- to five -week-old female C57BL/6 mice. Fecal parameters including defecation frequency pellets/2 h, fecal water (%), and gastrointestinal transit time were measured right after the induction of constipation (a). Fresh extruded stools were collected right after the constipation induction for 16 s rRNA sequencing analysis. The indexes of observed species, Chao, Ace, Shannon and Simpson in the vehicle mice and constipation mice (b). Genus species phylogeny tree (c). PLS-DA analysis based on OTU abundance information (d). Relative abundances of the gut microbiota at phylum level (e) and genus level (f). Cladogram using LEfSe analysis indicated the phylogenetic distribution of gut microbiota (g). LDA scores showed the significant bacterial differences between the vehicle mice and constipation mice (h). N = 6 in each group. Data are displayed as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001