Fig. 5

SHAP decision plot and force plot. A SHAP force plots of 4 examples of patients, including patient No. 104, No 208, No. 224 and No.229. The features shown in red push the AKI probability towards the right, while the features shown in blue push the probability towards the left. This plot helps physicians to identify easily the major features with high decision power in the model on individual level. B SHAP decision plot of the 4 patients in A. This plot is a better visualization of the feature importance of all predictors in each individual. The decision path tended to make drastic turns at feature with high importance and reached the estimated probability of AKI. Physicians can interpret the navigation made by the features and make a personal decision on the credibility of the output