Fig. 2

Total amount and sulfation grades of GAGs in 24-h urine after LSD. (a-c) DM1 patients have less urinary dermatan sulfate than healthy controls. HME patients have less urinary heparan sulfate, but more urinary dermatan sulfate than healthy controls. d In healthy controls, all the dermatan sulfate consisted of D0a4 disaccharides, while in DM1 patients and HME patients also D0a10 disaccharides were found. The notation is as follows [32]: D0a4 = ΔUA-GalNAc4S, D0a10 = ΔUA-GalNAc4S6S. e There were significantly more nonsulfated disaccharides (D0A0) of heparan sulfate in DM1 patients and HME patients than in healthy controls. The notation is as follows [32]: D0A0 = ΔUA-GlcNAc, D0S0 = ΔUA-GlcNS, D0A6 = ΔUA-GlcNAc6S, D2A0 = ΔUA2S-GlcNAc, D0S6 = ΔUA-GlcNS6S, D2S0 = ΔUA2S-GlcNS. f The percentages disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate were equal among the three groups. The notation is as follows [32]: D0a0 = ΔUA-GalNAc, D0a4 = ΔUA-GalNAc4S, D0a6 = ΔUAGalNAc6S, D0a10 = ΔUA-GalNAc4S6S. DM1, type 1 diabetes. HC, healthy controls. HME, hereditary multiple exostosis. n = 8 (DM1), n = 7 (HME), n = 12 (HC). *P < 0.05 vs. healthy controls. **P < 0.01 vs. healthy controls. ***P < 0.001 vs. healthy controls. Data are presented as individual data with mean (SEM). Data were tested with an unpaired t-test or Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, as appropriate