Fig. 2

Clinical utility of patient derived organoid schematic. After a tumor biopsy is obtained, it is typically cut into four parts. One part gets digested into smaller cell clusters, which are then grown as organoids. One part is sent for DNA sequencing, one part is sent for RNA sequencing, and one part is used for histological analysis. Sequencing and histological analysis are performed for both the tissue and its corresponding organoid, to confirm mutational and biomarker similarities. A drug screening is then performed on the organoid to see what drug is most effective, with effectiveness usually measured by cell viability or metabolic activity. The results can then assist with decision making for what treatment to use for the patient. HE and HER2 histology images are from [28]. Sequencing images are from the author’s unpublished data. Drug screen image is from [27]. Different colors represent a different patient that the organoid is derived from. Permission to use these images has been obtained