Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcomes of the study population (LYMPHONIE study, 2018–2020)
From: The dysregulated innate immune response in severe COVID-19 pneumonia that could drive poorer outcome
| Â | Normal range | Study group | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-COVID-19 N = 36 | COVID-19 N = 27 | |||
Demographics | ||||
 Age (years), mean ± SD |  | 68.0 ± 13.0 | 62.5 ± 10.9 | 0.07 |
 Male sex, n (%) |  | 29 (81%) | 17 (63%) | 0.12 |
 Body-mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD |  | 29.1 ± 7.1 | 30.7 ± 8.1 | 0.43 |
Chronic comorbidities | ||||
 Cardiovascular disease, n (%) |  | 12 (33%) | 5 (19%) | 0.25 |
 Pulmonary disease, n (%) |  | 12 (33%) | 5 (19%)28 | 0.25 |
 Chronic renal disease, n (%) |  | 2 (6%) | 1 (4%) | 0.73 |
 Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) |  | 5 (14%) | 3 (11%) | 0.74 |
 Diabetes mellitus, n (%) |  | 10 (28%) | 2 (7%) | 0.28 |
 Tobacco use, n (%) |  | 10 (28%) | 2 (7%) | 0.055 |
 Charlson score, mean ± SD |  | 1.5 ± 2.0 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 0.12 |
Severity at hospital admission | ||||
 Septic shock, n (%) |  | 11 (31%) | 0 | 0.0015 |
 ARDS, n (%) |  | 23 (64%) | 25 (93%) | 0.015 |
 Pneumonia Severity Index, mean ± SD |  | 117.8 ± 38.6 | 94.2 ± 27.1 | 0.006 |
 SAPS II, mean ± SD |  | 23.8 ± 9.9 | 19.4 ± 9.4 | 0.08 |
 SOFA score, mean ± SD |  | 7.2 ± 3.6 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 0.52 |
Biological findings at admission | ||||
 ASAT (IU/l), mean ± SD | 15–37 | 86.3 ± 92.4 | 86.2 ± 54.6 | 0.99 |
 Serum Creatinine (μmol/l), mean ± SD | 59–104 | 132.9 ± 93.3 | 90.2 ± 40.7 | 0.02 |
 NT-ProBNP (pg/ml), mean ± SD | <125 | 5687 ± 7694 | 2225 ± 6257 | 0.05 |
 PaO2:FiO2 (mm Hg), mean ± SD | ≥400 | 123.7 ± 54.9 | 136.2 ± 49.8 | 0.35 |
 Arterial pH (mm Hg), mean ± SD | 7.35–7.45 | 7.35 ± 0.11 | 7.40 ± 0.07 | 0.07 |
 Serum Bicarbonate (mmol/l), mean ± SD | 20–29 | 24.0 ± 5.1 | 24.6 ± 3.1 | 0.59 |
 Lactate level (mmol/l), mean ± SD | 0.5–2.0 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 0.01 |
 C-reactive protein (mg/l), mean ± SD | <3.2 | 259.9 ± 156.8 | 172.8 ± 62.9 | 0.004 |
 Procalcitonin (μg/L), mean ± SD | <0.10 | 32.4 ± 61.9 | 2.6 ± 6.6 | 0.007 |
Immune cells | ||||
 Leukocytes (x106/l), mean ± SD | 3.8–9.5 | 12.2 ± 6.4 | 10.8 ± 5.7 | 0.38 |
 Neutrophils (x106/l), mean ± SD | 1.7–5.8 | 11.3 ± 5.5 | 9.4 ± 5.6 | 0.18 |
 Lymphocytes (x106/l), mean ± SD | 1.07–4.03 | 0.64 ± 0.40 | 0.78 ± 0.38 | 0.16 |
 Monocytes (x106/l), mean ± SD | 0.2–0.7 | 0.61 ± 0.46 | 0.44 ± 0.25 | 0.05 |
Lymphocyte subsets | ||||
 CD3 + (/μl), mean ± SD | 605–2460 | 360.8 ± 281.0 | 443.6 ± 256.1 | 0.16 |
 CD4 + (/μl), mean ± SD | 493–1666 | 241.4 ± 187.5 | 288.1 ± 264.0 | 0.44 |
 CD8 + (/μl), mean ± SD | 224–1112 | 111.6 ± 100.9 | 145.1 ± 137.1 | 0.38 |
 CD4/CD8 ratio, mean ± SD | 0.5–6.4 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 2.1 | 0.97 |
 NK cells (/μl), mean ± SD | 73–654 | 103.8 ± 83.7 | 103.1 ± 87.7 | 0.12 |
 NKT cells (/μl), mean ± SD | NA | 27.3 ± 33.3 | 44.6 ± 67.4 | 0.19 |
 B cells (/μl), mean ± SD | 72–520 | 95.6 ± 81.8 | 123.7 ± 78;4 | 0.17 |
Treatments | ||||
 Antibiotic multitherapy, n (%) |  | 29 (81%) | 17 (63%) | 0.12 |
 Corticosteroids, n (%) |  | 16 (44%) | 16 (59%) | 0.24 |
 Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) |  | 0 | 10 (37%) |  |
 Remdesivir, n (%) |  | 0 | 3 (11%) |  |
 Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) |  | 24 (67%) | 23 (85%) | 0.09 |
 ECMO, n (%) |  | 0 | 1 (4%) | 0.43 |
 Renal replacement therapy, n (%) |  | 5 (14%) | 0 | 0.065 |
 Vasopressors, n (%) |  | 19 (53%) | 19 (70%) | 0.16 |
Outcomes at 30Â days | ||||
 ICU admission, n (%) |  | 32 (89%) | 274 (100%) | 0.12 |
 Median ICU length of stay (days) (IQR) |  | 13 (4–20) | 20 (12–29) | 0.0274 |
 Median days of mechanical ventilation (IQR) |  | 4 (0–15) | 15 (7–22) | 0.0049 |
 Median hospital length of stay (days) (IQR) |  | 21 (13–30) | 29 (20–30) | 0.087 |
 Ventilatory acquired pneumonia |  |  |  | 0.001 |
  0 event, n (%) |  | 29 (81%) | 11 (41%) |  |
  1 event, n (%) |  | 2 (6%) | 11 (41%) |  |
  2 events, n (%) |  | 5 (14%) | 5 (19%) |  |
 Median days of antibiotic treatment(IQR) |  | 12 (8–21) | 15 (8–23) | 0.48 |
 30 day mortality, n (%) |  | 2 (6%) | 1 (4%) | 1 |