Fig. 5

Faecal microbiota from CAD patients induce systematic immune activation and IFN-γ response. a, c Volcano plot showing pairwise comparisons of differential expression of genes (DEGs) between Con (n = 3) versus CAD (n = 3) mice in the liver and ileum, respectively. Dots represent genes that are significantly different (|Log2(foldchange)| > 2, adjust P value < 0.05). b, d PCA scatter plot of DEGs in the liver and ileum between Con (n = 3) and CAD (n = 3) mice, respectively. e, f) Results of gene ortholog (GO) enrichment analysis in the liver and ileum, respectively. Bar indicate gene counts for each GO term. g Serum inflammatory factors including IL-1β and TNF-α in Con and CAD group. n = 11 or 12 per group. h Serum LPS level. n = 11 or 12 per group. i CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ T cells in the spleen (left) and percentages of CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ T cells within CD4⁺ T cells (right). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, Mann–Whitney U test. Con mice, n = 9, CAD mice, n = 10