Mesenchymal stem cell mediates cardiac repair through autocrine, paracrine and endocrine axes

Table 1 Clinical benefits from key clinical trials using stromal stem cells in heart diseases

Clinical trial	Year	Cell type	Patient population	Delivery route	LVEF	LVEDV	Infarct size
POSEIDON [15]	2012	Allogeneic and autologous BM-MSC	ICM LVEF ≤ 50%	Transendocardial	↑	↓	↓
APOLLO [66]	2012	Autologous ASC	STEMI	Intracoronary	↔	N/A	↓
C-CURE [67]	2013	Autologous BM-MSC	LVEF 15–40%	Endoventricular	↑	↓	N/A
PROMETHEUS [68]	2014	Autologous BM-MSC	ICM	Intramyocardial	↑	↓	↓
PRECISE [16]	2014	Autologous ASC	ICM, CABG	Transendocardial	↔	↔	↔
Gao et al. [69]	2015	Allogeneic WJ-MSC	STEMI	Intracoronary	↑	↓	N/A
TRIDENT [70]	2017	Allogeneic BM-MSC	ICM, LVEF ≤ 50%	Transendocardial	↔	↔	↓
CHART-1 [71]	2017	Autologous BM-MSC	IHF, LVEF ≤ 35%	Intramyocardial	↔	↔	N/A
ATHENA [72]	2017	Autologous ASC	ICM 20% ≤ LVEF ≤ 45%	Intramyocardial	↔	↔	N/A
MyStromalCell [73]	2017	Autologous ASC	ICM LVEF > 40%	Intramyocardial	N/A	N/A	N/A

↔↑↓ Respectively mean no change, increase and decrease. N/A means not measured
BM Bone marrow, WJ Wharton Jelly, ICM ischemic cardiomyopathy, CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, LVEF Left Ventricular. Ejection Fraction, LVEDV Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume, ICM Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, STEMI ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction

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