Table 6 Preliminary targeted panel—SARS biology relevance focus

A1/S1

M15.38

CD3E

CD3e molecule

Immunological

A1/S2

M12.1

APOBEC3G

apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 3G

CoV Biology

APOBEC3G associates with SARS viral structural proteins [54], with a possible role in restriction of RNA virus replication [55]

A1/S3

M14.64

TLR7

Toll like receptor 7

CoV Biology

TLR7 Signaling Pathway is inhibited by SARS Coronavirus Papain-Like Protease [35]

A2/S1

M13.21

IFNG

Interferon gamma

CoV Biology

Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 Downregulate Expression of the SARS Coronavirus Receptor ACE2 [56]

A2/S2

M13.10

ABL1

ABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase

CoV Biology

Abl Kinase inhibitors block SARS-Cov fusion [57]

A4/S1

M16.77

KIR3DL1

killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor, three Ig domains and long cytoplasmic tail 1

Immunological

The inhibitory KIR3DL1 is a strong ligand for HLA Bw4, C1 and C2 groups. High expression of this inhibitory KIR was associated with slower disease progress to AIDS and better HIV viral load control [58]

A5/S1

M16.65

SMAD7

SMAD family member 7

CoV Biology

MERS Coronavirus Induces Apoptosis in Kidney and Lung by Upregulating Smad7 and FGF2 [59]

A5/S2

M16.111

TNFRSF21

TNF receptor superfamily member 21

Immunological

A7/S1

M15.61

EGR1

Early growth response 1

CoV Biology

SARS Coronavirus Papain-Like Protease Induces Egr-1-dependent Up-Regulation of TGF-β1 [60]

A8/S1

M16.30

CAV1

Caveolin 1

CoV Biology

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Orf3a Protein Interacts with Caveolin [61]

A8/S2

M16.106

SLAMF7

SLAM family member 7

Immunological

A10/S1

M15.102

ALOX15

arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase

Immunological

A26/S1

M12.2

CD86

CD86 molecule

Immunological

A27/S1

M12.15

TNFRSF17

TNF receptor superfamily member 17

Immunological

A28/S1

M8.3

ISG15

ISG15 ubiquitin like modifier

CoV Biology

SARS-CoV PLpro exhibits ISG15 precursor processing activities [62]

A28/S2

M15.64

CCR1

C–C motif chemokine receptor 1

CoV Biology

MLN-3897, a CCR1 antagonist inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 replication [63]

A28/S3

M10.1

STAT1

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1

CoV Biology

SARS ORF6 Antagonizes STAT1 Function [36]

A31/S1

M16.64

EGF

Epidermal growth factor

Immunological

A31/S2

M15.58

PTGS2

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2

CoV Biology

Encodes COX2, which expression is stimulated by SARS Spike protein [64]

A33/S1

M14.24

NLRP3

NLR family pyrin domain containing 3

CoV Biology

Multiple SARS-Coronavirus protein have been reported to activates NLRP3 inflammasomes [65, 66]

A33/S2

M14.19

IL17RA

Interleukin 17 receptor A

Immunological

A34/S1

M8.2

ITGA2B

Integrin subunit alpha 2b

Immunological

A35/S1

M13.3

LTB4R

Leukotriene B4 receptor

Immunological

A35/S2

M15.78

ANPEP

alanyl aminopeptidase, membrane

CoV Biology

A potential receptor for human CoVs [67]

A36/S1

M16.88

CCL5

C–C motif chemokine ligand 5

CoV Biology

CCL5/RANTES is associated with the replication of SARS in THP-1 Cells [68]

A37/S1

M13.26

FURIN

Furin, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme

CoV Biology

Furin cleavage of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein enhances cell–cell fusion [69]

A38/S1

M10.4

LTF

Lactotransferrin

CoV Biology

Lactotransferrin blocks the binding of the SARS-CoV spike protein to host cells, thus exerting an inhibitory function at the viral attachment stage [33]

A38/S2

M12.9

CTSB

Cathepsin B

CoV Biology

Activation of SARS- and MERS-coronavirus is mediated cathepsin L (CTSL) and cathepsin B (CTSB) [70]