Fig. 3

MSCs induced the production of immunotolerant DCs by cell–cell interactions. a, b The percentages of MHCII⁺, CD86⁺ and CD40⁺ based on CD11c⁺DC gate in mDC, MSC + mDC and MSC + mDC + LPS groups. c, d The percentages of PD-L1 + DCs based on CD11c + DC gate in mDC, MSC + mDC and MSC + mDC + LPS groups. e, f The percentage of lymphocyte proliferation in mDC group, MSC + mDC group and MSC + mDC + LPS group. g, h The percentages of CD44⁺ CD69⁺ based on CD4⁺ T cell gate in mDC, MSC + mDC and MSC + mDC + LPS groups. n = 3 per group; the data are presented as the mean ± SD. b, d *p < 0.05 vs. the mDC group, ^#p < 0.05 vs. MSC + mDC group; f *p < 0.05 vs. the Lym group, ^#p < 0.05 vs. the mDC/lym group; h *p < 0.05 vs. the Con group, ^#p < 0.05 vs. the ALI group