Fig. 4
Medium-sized EVs from individuals with diabetes enhanced cell migration in comparison to those from euglycemic individuals. HAECs were allowed to migrate for 3 h toward collagen-coated inserts. The bottom well contained VEGF-A as a positive control or euglycemic and diabetic sEVs (120K fraction) at a dose of 1.8 × 108 vesicles, with each well containing EVs equally pooled from three individuals (a). Migration was also tested using medium-sized EVs (10K fraction) at the same dose and pooling size (b). PBS was used as a negative control for cells that were untreated (UNT) with EVs. Histograms represent the mean number of migrated cells in triplicate wells ± SEM. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, and *P < 0.05 for the indicated comparisons using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test