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Table 3 Summative results of the 51 studies by cancer type

From: The clinical application of electrical impedance technology in the detection of malignant neoplasms: a systematic review

Site of malignancy

Histopathological type

No. of studies

Total no. of patients

Specimen state

Summative evidence

Cervical

Cervical SCC

4

638

In-vivo

Stronga

Prostate

12

297

Both

Strong

Skin

Skin melanoma & NMSC

7

3009

In-vivo

Moderate

Breast

Various carcinomas

12

2460

Both

Moderate

Oral mucosa

SCC

2

198

In-vivo

Moderate

Bladder

3

123

Both

Moderate

Thyroid

Various carcinomas

1

27

In-vivo

Moderate

Colorectal

Adenocarcinoma

1

22

Ex-vivo

Moderate

Tongue

SCC

2

29

In-vivo

Weak

Lung

Various

2

138

Both

Weak

Hepatic

Metastases

2

16

Ex-vivo

Weak

Oesophagus

SCC & adenocarcinoma

1

23

In-vivo

Weak

Gastric

Adenocarcinoma

1

45

In-vivo

Weak

Renal

Renal cell carcinoma

1

10

Ex-vivo

Weak

  1. SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; NMSC: non-melanomatous skin cancer; BCC: basal cell carcinoma; ‘–’, not stated
  2. Summative evidence strength classified as “Strong”: 2 or more large studies with good discriminative ability
  3. “Moderate”: good discriminative indices described but in small numbers for any specific histological type
  4. “Weak”: insufficient statistical data to demonstrate significant discriminative ability currently