Table 2 Study results for blood metabolite analyses

Germain et al. (2020) [21]

Cysteinylglycine (0.008)

Hypotaurine (0.039)

Indolelactate (0.006)

Tryptophan betaine (0.035)

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (0.035)

Epiandrosterone sulfate (0.035)

Androstenediol (3alpha, 17alpha) monosulfate (2) (0.039)

5alpha-androstan-3beta,17alpha-diol disulfate (0.04)

Androsterone sulfate (0.041)

Androstenediol (3beta,17beta) disulfate (2) (0.044)

Etiocholanolone glucuronide (0.049)

Cortisone (0.004)

Cortisol (0.02)

Dihomo-linolenoyl-choline (0.019)

Linoleoylcholine (0.036)

Stearoylcholine (0.043)

Docosahexaenoylcarnitine (C22:6) (0.025)

Adrenoylcarnitine (C22:4) (0.029)

Octanoylcarnitine (C8) (0.035)

Decanoylcarnitine (C10) (0.049)

Branched chain 14:0 dicarboxylic acid (0.049)

3-hydroxymyristate (0.013)

3-hydroxydecanoate (0.015)

3-hydroxylaurate (0.029)

Cis-4-decenoate (10:1n6) (0.047)

Valerate (5:0) (0.045)

Phenylalanylalanine (0.007)

Phenylalanylglycine (0.014)

Valylleucine (0.046)

Dimethyl sulfone (0.032)

Piperine (0.027)

Sulfate of piperine metabolite C16H19NO3 (3) (0.027)

Stachydrine (0.044)

N-carbamoylalanine (0.049)

4-hydroxyglutamate (0.004)

N-acetyl-1-methylhistidine (0.038)

N,N,N-trimethyl-alanylproline betaine (TMAP) (0.039)

Arachidoylcarnitine (0.025)

Adipoylcarnitine (C6-DC) (0.042)

Glycohyocholate (0.048)

Gamma-glutamyltyrosine (0.045)

Germain et al. (2018) [22]

Gamma-CEHC (0.005)

Alpha-CEHC glucuronide (0.018)

Gamma-CEHC glucuronide (0.019)

Inosine 5′-monphosphate (0.003)

2′-O-methylcytidine (0.009)

Adenosine 3′-5′-cyclicmonophosphate (0.012)

Haem (0.002)

Alpha-ketoglutarate (0.03)

Gamma-glutamyl-threonine (0.003)

Nagy-Szakal et al. (2018) [29]

Carnitine-choline (0.017)

Phosphatidylcholine (0.017)

None

Germain et al. (2017) [23]

Acetylcarnosine (0.0014)

ATP (0.0024)

ADP (0.0034)

Glycochenodeoxycholate (0.0044)

C3H4O2.3 (0.0050)

2-Methylglutaconic acid (0.0097)

C20H34O4.4 (0.0032)

Taurine (0.0073)

13-carboxy-alpha-tocopherol (0.0027)

4-Imidazolone-5-propanoate (0.0023)

Sulfoglycolithocholate (0.0058)

C4H6O3.3 (0.0074)

Acetamidopropanal (0.0164)

l-proline (0.0164)

d-glucose (0.0091)

l-erythrulose (0.0093)

2,3-epoxy-alpha-tocopherylquinone,5,6-epoxy-alpha-tocopherylquinone (0.0082)

l-glutonate (0.0091)

d-glutonate (0.0091)

C20H32O4.21 (0.0034)

Glycolothocholate (0.0075)

CDP-Choline (0.0141)

Glycocholate (0.0110)

25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone (0.0075)

Lithocholate (0.0182)

Glyoxylate (0.0073)

Choline phosphate(1-)(0.0085)

Succinylcarnitine (0.0271)

5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoic acid (0.0050)

Phosphoanto-oxy-phisphonate-UDP-d-galactose (0.0110)

S-(2-Methylpropanoyl)-dihydrolipoamide (0.0064)

Ethanolamine phosphate (0.0201)

S-[2-Carboxy-1-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl]-l-cysteine (0.0153)

3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestane-24-one/3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate (0.0136)

l-kynurenine/Fromyl-5-hydroxykynurenamine (0.0201)

Fructoseglycine (0.0332)

Oxaloacetate (0.0396)

C27H46O4.3 (0.0259)

5-hydroxyindoleacatate (0.0328)

2-Keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-nonic acid (0.0430)

l-isoleucine, l-Leucine (0.0482)

13-carboxy-gamma-tocopherol (0.0475)

d-Glucuronate 1-phosphate (0.0195)

Nicotinamide (0.0396)

3-oxo-8(R)-hydroxy-hexadeca-6E10Z-dienoate_3-oxo-8(S)-hydroxy-hexadeca-6E10Z-dienoate (0.0264)

Biotin (0.0363)

3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine (0.0460)

UTP (0.0461)

5-amino-1-(5-phospho-d-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (0.0357)

Cis-11-Eicosenate (0.0069)

C20H30O2.4 (0.0041)

Cervonic acid C22:6(n-3), docosahexaenoate (0.0042)

3-(methylthio)propionate (0.0299)

(Trans-vaccenate-elaidate-oleate (0.0375)

5,6-Dihydrothymine (0.0259)

Urocanate (0.0392)

N2-Formyl-N1-(5-phospho-d-ribosyl)glycinamide (0.0361)

4-Hydroperoxy-2-nonenal (0.0264)

Glycero-3-phosphate (0.0333)

Arachidonate, Eicosatetranoic acid (0.0240)

Pristanic acid, pristanate (0.0290)

Deoxyuridine (0.0296)

Clupanodonic acid docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid (0.0341)

4-Hydroxyphenylacatate/2-Hydroxyphenylacetate/3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (0.0430)

Spermidine (0.0464)

Yamano et al. (2016) [24]

Citrate (< 0.05)

Isocitrate (< 0.05)

Malate (< 0.05)

Urea (< 0.01)

Citrulline (< 0.01)

Ornithine (< 0.05)

Fluge et al. (2016) [25]

Lys (0.001)

Leu (< 0.001)

Phe (< 0.001)

Tyr (< 0.001)

Ile (< 0.001)

Trp (0.009)

Ala (0.027)

Val (< 0.001)

Met (0.017)

Asx (< 0.001)

His (< 0.001)

Pro (< 0.001)

Glx (0.029)

SDMA (0.001)

None

Naviaux et al. (2016) [30]

61-Females

Ceramide(d18:1/25:0) (< 0.001)

THC 18:1/24:0 (< 0.001)

PC(16:0/16:0) (< 0.001)

Lathosterol (< 0.001)

PI(16:0/16:0) (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/22:2) (< 0.001)

Adenosine (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/24:2) (< 0.001)

THC 18:1/16:0 (< 0.001)

2-Octenoylcarnitine (< 0.001)

GC(18:1/16:0) (< 0.001)

Phenyllactic acid (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/26:0) (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/24:0) (< 0.001)

DHC(18:1/16:0) (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/26:2) (< 0.001)

FAD (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/16:0) (< 0.001)

SM(d18:1/22:2) (< 0.001)

Adenosine monophosphate (< 0.001)

PI(38:3) (< 0.001)

Chenodeoxycholic acid (0.007)

Ceramide(d18:1/20:0) (0.007)

Ceramide(d18:1/22:1 OH) (0.009)

Ceramide(d18:1/18:2 OH) (0.009)

Ceramide(d18:1/22:0) (0.010)

Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) (0.010)

Ceramide(d18:1/16:1 OH) (0.010)

Ceramide(d18:1/24:2 OH) (0.012)

SM(d18:1/16:0) (0.012)

Ceramide(d18:1/24:1) (0.013)

PI(34:1) (0.014)

PI(36:0) (0.016)

SM(d18:1/20:1) (0.016)

2-Arachidonylglycerol (0.018)

THC 18:1/18:0 (0.018)

Ceramide(d18:1/22:1) (0.019)

PI(34:0) (0.020)

Ceramide(d18:1/26:1 OH) (0.020)

PI(38:4) (0.021)

Hydroxyisocaproic acid (0.022)

PC(30:0) (0.025)

Cobalamin (0.026)

Ceramide(d18:1/20:1 OH) (0.026)

dAMP (0.027)

PG(32:2) (0.032)

PC(16:0/18:2) (0.033)

PI(36:1) (0.034)

Hydroxyproline (< 0.001)

1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (< 0.001)

PC(18:1/22:5) (< 0.001)

PC(22:6/P-18:0) (< 0.001) PC(36:0) (0.006)

PC(18:1/22:6) (0.008)

Adipoylcarnitine (0.017)

PC(16:0/22:6) (0.025)

Arginine (0.030)

PC(38:5) (0.031)

Gluconic acid (0.032)

Vitamin K2 (0.033)

Glucosamine 6-phosphate (0.034)

61-Males

PC(16:0/16:0) (< 0.001)

GC(18:1/16:0) (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/16:0) (< 0.001)

THC 18:1/24:0 (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/24:2) (< 0.001)

PI(38:4) (< 0.001)

DHC(18:1/16:0) (< 0.001)

PA(16:0/16:0) (< 0.001)

SM(d18:1/22:1 OH) (< 0.001)

SM(d18:1/24:2 OH) (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/16:1 OH) (< 0.001)

SM(d18:1/22:0) (< 0.001)

Ethanolamine (< 0.001)

FAD (< 0.001)

4-Hydroxyphenyllactic (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/16:1) (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) (< 0.001)

SM(d18:1/16:0) (< 0.001)

SM(d18:1/18:2 OH) (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/24:1) (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/26:2) (< 0.001)

Ceramide(d18:1/25:0) (0.005)

Ceramide(d18:1/22:2) (0.005)

Ceramide(d18:1/22:1) (0.005)

Behenic acid (0.008)

Hydroxyisocaproic acid (0.010)

Uric acid (0.010)

Pyroglutamic acid (0.012)

SM(d18:1/24:0) (0.012)

Lathosterol (0.011)

PC(16:0/20:4) (0.011)

SM(d18:1/22:1) (0.013)

Ceramide(d18:1/22:0) (0.014)

SM(d18:1/16:0 OH) (0.015)

Ceramide(d18:1/24:0) (0.016)

SM(d18:1/20:2 OH) (0.016)

PC(18:1/18:1) (0.017)

Ceramide(d18:1/16:2 OH) (0.018)

PI(38:3) (0.021)

2-Methylcitric acid (0.021)

SM(d18:1/22:0 OH) (0.022)

24,25-Epoxycholesterol (0.022)

Cholesterol (0.023)

SM(d18:1/18:0) (0.024)

Ceramide(d18:1/24:0 OH) (0.026)

SM(d18:1/22:2) (0.026)

2-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate (0.027)

Ceramide(d18:1/16:0 OH) (0.028)

Deoxyguanosine (0.028)

Tiglylcarnitine (0.033)

SM(d18:1/16:1 OH) (0.032)

Ceramide(d18:1/18:1 OH) (0.031)

SM(d18:1/25:0) (0.032)

1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (< 0.001)

l-Serine (< 0.001)

Arginine (< 0.001)

Methionine sulfoxide (< 0.001)

PC(18:1/22:6) (0.012)

PC(20:5/P-16:0) (0.019)

l-Threonine (0.021)

Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (0.028)

Armstrong et al. (2015) [26]

Acetate (0.040)

Glutamate (0.029)

Hypoxanthine (0.001)

Lactate (0.006)

Phenylalaine (0.001)

Glucose (0.011)

Armstrong et al. (2012) [18]

Glutamine (0.002)

Ornithine (0.045)

None

Jones et al. (2005) [27]

Taurine (< 0.001)

Histidine (< 0.001)

Tyrosine (< 0.01)

Alpha-amino-n-butyric acid (< 0.05)

None