Table 1 Molecular biomarkers for PCa management
From: Data-driven translational prostate cancer research: from biomarker discovery to clinical decision
Official symbol | Type | Function | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|
Genes | |||
 BRCA1, BRCA2 | Risk prediction | Mutations are associated with high risk of PCa development and aggressiveness | 31723001 |
 ATM | Risk prediction | Mutations are associated with grade reclassification and aggressive PCa | 30309687 |
 CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51D | Risk prediction | Germline mutations are associated with mPCa through mediating DNA-repair processes | 27433846 |
 CDK12 | Risk prediction | Mutations are associated with high-grade PCa and the development of mPCa | 31640893 |
 GBX2 | Prognosis | The methylation predicts higher risk of biochemical recurrence | 31200836 |
 CDO1 | Prognosis | The promoter methylation is associated with the biochemical recurrence-free survival of PCa patients | 27689475 |
 MLH1, MSH6, PMS2 | Prognosis | Up-regulation is associated with tumor aggressiveness and early PSA recurrence | 27803051 |
 TP53 | Prognosis | Predicting the outcome of mCRPC patients treated with Abiraterone or Enzalutamide | 30209161 |
 PDL1 | Prognosis | The expression is associated with high PCa risk and the biochemical recurrence of patients following adjuvant hormonal therapy | 31289580 |
 TRIM24 | Prognosis | The expression is useful for risk stratification and recurrence evaluation | 31178279 |
 RSPO3 | Prognosis | Lower expression is associated with PCa invasiveness and metastasis | 30987640 |
 CRTC2 | Prognosis | Lower expression predicts worse pathologic outcomes and postoperative survival | 30838340 |
 TMEM45B | Prognosis | Over-expression is associated with PCa progression and metastasis | 30249106 |
 AR-V7 | Therapy | The expression indicates the resistance of mCRPC patients to androgen axis-targeted therapies | 31653572 |
 HMGB1 | Therapy | Up-regulation promotes PCa development and metastasis through Akt pathway and BRG1-mediated EMT | 31410208 |
miRNAs | |||
 miR-182-5p, miR-375-3p | Diagnosis | Circulating levels are associated with the advanced pathologic stage and metastasis | 31572685 |
 miR-204-5p | Diagnosis | Down-regulation predicts bone metastasis and other clinicopathological characteristics | 31678733 |
 miR-1246 | Diagnosis | Down-regulation predicts PCa aggressiveness and metastasis | 29437039 |
 miR-218-5p | Diagnosis | Serum down-regulation is associated with bone metastasis of PCa | 30870834 |
 miR-98-5p, miR-152-3p, miR-326, miR-4289 | Diagnosis | Up-regulation in plasma predicts the occurrence of PCa | 30845775 |
 miR-1207-3p | Prognosis | Up-regulation predicts a high risk of PCa recurrence and other clinical outcomes | 27267842 |
 miR-34a-5p | Prognosis | Prediction of response to docetaxel and PCa progression | 25053345 |
 miR-424-3p | Therapy | Low expression is associated with clinical failure in PCa | 31337863 |
lncRNAs | |||
 PSLNR | Diagnosis | Inhibiting PCa progression through the p53-dependent pathway | 31269242 |
 PCA3 | Diagnosis | Modulating the survival of PCa cells via AR signaling, and the urine level is useful for PCa diagnosis | 31762940 |
 HOTTIP | Prognosis | Over-expression is associated with poor prognosis and clinicopathologic features | 31570281 |
 SNHG12 | Prognosis | Predicting PCa prognosis and promoting PCa tumorigenesis through sponging miR-133b | 31267540 |
 NAP1L6 | Prognosis | Over-expression promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PCa cells, and indicates larger tumor size, distant metastasis, and shorter survival time | 30154665 |
 TMPO-AS1 | Prognosis | Over-expression is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis | 30105831 |
 APP | Therapy | Up-regulation promotes cell migration and invasion via sponging miR-218 to facilitate the expression of ZEB2/CDH2 | 31107971 |
 MALAT1 | Therapy | Up-regulation is associated with proliferation and migration of PCa cells, and the silencing inhibits PCa progression | 29942138 |
circRNAs | |||
 circ_0044516 | Diagnosis | Promoting cell proliferation and metastasis | 31625175 |
 circFOXO3 | Diagnosis | Up-regulation is positively correlated with the Gleason score and PCa development | 31733095 |
 circ_001206 | Diagnosis | Down-regulation is associated with PCa clinical features and the over-expression inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PCa cells | 31198063 |
 circZMIZ1 | Therapy | Up-regulation promotes the proliferation of PCa cells | 31686520 |
Metabolites | |||
 Myo-inositol | Diagnosis | Increased level is associated with the high aggressiveness of PCa | 29581441 |
 Hyperpolarized 13C lactate | Diagnosis | Increased level predicts the presence and aggressiveness of PCa | 23532911 |
 Spermine, citrate | Diagnosis | Decreased level is associated with higher aggressiveness of PCa | 23626811 |
 Alanine, lactate | Diagnosis | Increased level is detected in PCa tissues compared with benign prostate tissues | 18727052 |
 Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase | Prognosis | Increased level is associated with bone metastases and shorter overall survival of androgen-independent PCa patients | 16740758 |