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Table 1 Hemodynamic and pressure–volume characteristics

From: Increasing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation flow puts higher demands on left ventricular work in a porcine model of chronic heart failure

Parameter

Units

VA ECMO blood flow

P

Relative change

EBF 0

EBF 1

EBF 2

EBF 3

EBF 4

EBF 5

EBF 0–5 (%)

Ventricular hemodynamics

 LVPP

mmHg

49 ± 5

55 ± 13

61 ± 13

66 ± 12

74 ± 10*

73 ± 11*

0.001

49

 EDP

mmHg

7  ± 2

8 ± 2

10 ± 2

11 ± 3

13 ± 2*

15 ± 3*

< 0.001

114

 ESV

mL

139  ± 17

143 ± 16

148 ± 18

152 ± 19

164 ± 15*

167 ± 15*

< 0.001

20

 EDV

mL

189  ± 26

194 ± 27

203  ± 29

209  ± 30

217 ± 29*

218 ± 30*

< 0.001

15

 SV

mL

51 ± 20

51 ± 20

56 ± 20

59 ± 20

55 ± 21

52 ± 21

0.03

2

 EF

%

25 ± 7

24 ± 6

26 ± 7

27 ± 7

23 ± 6

21 ± 6

0.18

− 16

 HR

beats/min

101 ± 22

96 ± 19

93 ± 17

90 ± 13

90 ± 14

86 ± 14

0.34

− 15

 SW

mmHg*mL

1434 ± 941

1595 ± 987

1867 ± 1102

2014 ± 1062

2105 ± 1060*

1892 ± 1036

0.04

32

 dP/dtmax/EDV

mmHg/s/mL

2.2 ± 0.8

2.2 ± 0.6

2.4 ± 0.4

2.5  ± 0.4

2.8 ± 0.6

3 ± 0.9

0.94

36

Perfusion parameters

 Carotid flow

mL/min

211 ± 72

291 ± 62

314  ± 57

356  ± 57

447  ± 64*

479 ± 58*

< 0.001

127

 Subclavian flow

mL/min

103 ± 49

128 ± 44

158 ± 40

208 ± 47

266 ± 47*

296 ± 54*

< 0.001

187

 Cranial rSO2

%

57 ± 6

60 ± 4

67 ± 5

69 ± 5

72 ± 4*

74 ± 3*

< 0.001

30

 Forelimb rSO2

%

37 ± 6

46 ± 5

58 ± 5

67 ± 6

72 ± 7*

77 ± 6*

< 0.001

108

 SvO2

%

62 ± 8

77 ± 3

81 ± 3

86 ± 4

89 ± 4*

89 ± 4*

< 0.001

44

 CVP

mmHg

14 ± 2

11 ± 2

10 ± 2

8 ± 2*

9 ± 2*

8 ± 2*

0.001

− 43

  1. For each step of increasing extracorporeal blood flow (EBF in L/min), hemodynamic values are expressed as mean ± SEM
  2. LV left ventricle, LVPP LV peak pressure, EDP LV end-diastolic pressure, ESV LV end-systolic volume, EDV LV end-diastolic volume, SV stroke volume, EF LV ejection fraction, HR heart rate, SW LV Stroke work, dP/dtmax/EDV maximal time derivative of LV pressure change normalized to EDV, SvO2 mixed venous oxygen saturation, CVP central venous pressure
  3. Values significantly different from EBF 0 are marked with *