Fig. 1

CD38 is highly expressed on the CD4⁺ Tcm cells of HIV-infected individuals on long-term ART. a FACS analysis of CD38 and HLA-DR expression on various CD4⁺ T cell subsets (naïve (Tn), central memory (Tcm)), and effector memory (Tem) in PBMCs obtained from HIV-infected individuals receiving ART for > 5 years. b Quantification of the percentages of CD38⁺ and HLA-DR⁺ CD4⁺ T cells associated with the Tn, Tcm, and Tem cell subsets. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test; n = 18 donors