Fig. 1

The Whole Streamlined Procedure of Phage Therapy in Clinical Practice. The criteria for enrolling phages for therapy should be established, and a library containing different phages should be established in advance. Antibiotic drugs should be proven ineffective for treatment of the bacterial infection, and the pathogen should be isolated and identified for further use in screening its corresponding effective phage in the library. Phage preparations that are free of endotoxin with a high titer and high purity should be generated. Administration strategies, including high dose, high frequency, cocktails, and combination with antibiotics, should be prioritized. The administration route should ensure direct contact of the phage with bacterium. The emergence of phage-resistant isolates and improvement of the infection should be monitored in a timely manner