Acute canagliflozin treatment protects against in vivo myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in non-diabetic male rats and enhances endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation

Table 1 Serum and urine parameters

Parameters	Sham + vehicle	Sham + canagliflozin	IRI + vehicle	IRI + canagliflozin
Serum glucose (mg/dL)	215 ± 15	193 ± 10	205 ± 13	226 ± 17
Urine glucose (mmol/L)	0.54 ± 0.06	0.49 ± 0.06	0.44 ± 0.06	0.52 ± 0.04
Serum creatine kinase (IU/L)	1778 ± 247	1806 ± 346	3445 ± 436*	3089 ± 477
Serum lactate dehydrogenase (IU/L)	961 ± 81	789 ± 41	3279 ± 259*	2716 ± 242*
Serum aspartate transaminase (IU/L)	217 ± 23	191 ± 10	899 ± 119*	745 ± 91*
Serum alanine transaminase (IU/L)	63 ± 4	57 ± 5	131 ± 11*	114 ± 12*
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)	268 ± 10	277 ± 13	273 ± 13	304 ± 15
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	79 ± 4	82 ± 4	78 ± 4	77 ± 2
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.47 ± 0.05	0.42 ± 0.02	0.58 ± 0.08	0.55 ± 0.05
Urinary urea nitrogen (g/dL)	27 ± 5	26 ± 3	21 ± 4	20 ± 2
Urinary creatinine (mg/dL)	103 ± 9	115 ± 11	116 ± 12	99 ± 8
Urinary albumin (mg/L)	16 ± 3	13 ± 6	16 ± 4	15 ± 3

Canagliflozin did not alter serum and urine glucose levels in non-diabetic rats, and was not associated with hepatic or renal injury
To investigate intergroup differences, Tukey’s post hoc test was performed following two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). *P < 0.05 versus sham + vehicle; IRI ischemia–reperfusion injury