Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for DED

Gender

 Male

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 Female

0.4079

1.504

(1.421, 1.592)

197.6858

< 0.0001

Age (years old)

 < 25

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 25–45

0.4540

1.575

(1.462, 1.696)

143.6879

< 0.0001

 > 45

0.9010

2.462

(2.267, 2.675)

453.8747

< 0.0001

Keratorefractive surgery

 No

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 Yes

0.5449

1.724

(1.588, 1.874)

166.8826

< 0.0001

Arthritis

 No

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 Yes

0.5060

1.659

(1.483, 1.857)

77.8043

< 0.0001

Thyroid diseases

 No

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 Yes

0.2502

1.284

(1.139, 1.449)

16.6104

< 0.0001

Antihistamine

 No

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 Yes

0.4004

1.492

(1.321, 1.689)

40.9029

< 0.0001

OC

 No

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 Yes

− 0.3023

0.739

(0.632, 0.865)

14.3181

0.0002

Diuretics

 No

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 Yes

0.2087

1.232

(1.061, 1.433)

7.4087

0.0065

DU drugs

 No

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 Yes

0.5263

1.693

(1.372, 2.101)

23.4873

< 0.0001

Diazepam

 No

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 Yes

0.4334

1.542

(1.289, 1.855)

21.7865

< 0.0001

CO (days)*

 < 124

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 ≥ 124

− 0.7163

0.489

(0.424, 0.563)

97.1635

< 0.0001

NO₂ (days)*

 < 150

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 ≥ 150

− 0.1010

0904

(0.834, 0.980)

5.9988

0.0143

O₃ (days)*

 < 125

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 ≥ 125

1.3777

3.966

(3.666, 4.293)

1171.6734

< 0.0001

PM_2.5 (days)*

 < 143

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 ≥ 143

0.6971

2.008

(1.789, 2.255)

139.8619

< 0.0001

SO₂ (days)*

 < 101

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

 ≥ 101

0.4941

1.639

(1.503, 1.788)

123.9515

< 0.0001