Table 1 Role of WISP1 in human cancers

Breast cancer

Increases cell proliferation, migration and invasion; promotes tumor growth; induces EMT; promotes type 2 cell-mediated immunity; inhibits type 1 cell mediated immunity; suppresses tumor metastasis

Inhibits E-cadherin, NDRG1; increases N-cadherin, Snail, and β-catenin

[4, 6,7,8,9,10, 102]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Promotes cell growth; Inhibits WISP1; suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion; associated with invasion, pTNM stage, and patient survival

Induced by Wnt/β-catenin pathway; activates pAkt, GSK-3β, and MMP-2

[35,36,37,38]

Colon cancer

Promotes tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis; associated with advanced pathological stage and poor prognosis; harbors loss of expression, frameshifts and mutations

Induced by DHX32, Wnt pathway

[2, 45,46,47,48]

Gastric cancer

Promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion

Activates cyclin D1

[50]

Pancreatic cancer

Promotes malignant transformation

Inhibited by BRCA2

[55]

Lung cancer

Retards cell motility and invasion; promotes cancer progression; correlated to tumor histology; correlated to chemotherapeutic toxicity; leads to pulmonary metastases

Increased by S100A4

[59,60,61,62,63,64]

Melanoma

Promotes pulmonary metastases; suppresses cell growth

Increased by Notch1

[64, 68,69,70]

Prostate cancer

Promotes cancer progression, migration, growth; associated with cancer stage; enhances cell adherence to bone

Increases VCAM-1; inhibits miR-126

[72,73,74]

Oral carcinoma

Promotes cell migration; correlated with the tumor stage and poor survival; enhances angiogenesis

Enhances ICAM-1, VEGF-A and VEGF-C; activates integrin αvβ3/FAK/c-Src and EGFR/ERK/HIF-1α pathways; inhibits miR-300

[75,76,77,78,79,80,81]

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Enhances cell growth; associated with tumor size, tumor type, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis; contributes to radioresistance

Not detecte

[83,84,85,86]

Osteosarcoma

Enhances bone cell differentiation and formation; associated with tumor stage; promotes cancer cell migration and tube formation

Enhances BMP-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9; improves VEGF-A; inhibits miR-381

[87,88,89,90,91]

Chondrosarcoma

Promotes cell migration

Upregulates MMP-2

[92,93,94]

Endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma

Associated with poor survival and clinical grades

Not detected

[97]