Fig. 1

Alterations in the levels of 40 plasma chemokines/cytokines pre- and post-HIV infection. a Comparison of the levels of 40 chemokines/cytokines pre- and post-HIV infection in the same individuals (n = 54). Graphs represent median ± interquartile range. The nonparametric Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used for evaluation of the significance of differences between groups. b Heat map showing the fold-change values of 18 chemokines/cytokines with levels significantly changed in each individual during HIV infection. White, non-significant fold-change in chemokine/cytokine levels between the two time points (HIV⁻ and HIV⁺). Blue and red, significantly decreased or increased fold-change in chemokine/cytokine levels between the two time points (HIV⁻ and HIV⁺), respectively. The darker and more saturated the color, the greater the extent of the fold-change. c Percentage change in the 18 chemokines/cytokines with significantly altered levels: CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, CXCL16, CCL2, CCL3, CCL8, CCL11, CCL17, CCL20, CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL25, CX3CL1, TNF-α, and IL-16. d Correlation analysis of plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels in HIV⁻ and HIV⁺ samples. Pearson’s correlation coefficient values between chemokines are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001