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Table 2 Serum cytokine/chemokine, metabolic hormones adipokines and apolipoproteins levels in study groups

From: Serum protein signature of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Variables (characteristics at study visit)

Control (n = 26)

T2DM (n = 53)

CAD (n = 21)

T2DM_CAD (n = 27)

Units (picogram/ml)

C.peptide

1911.5 (1053.7–3071.3)

1705.3 (1041.0–2078.9)

2172.2 (1718.0–2780.3)b**

2874.2 (1965.5–3647.3)a*b***c

Ghrelin

473.0 (346.8–662.8)

494.2 (339.4–676.0)

624.0 (562.4–809.3)a**,b**

588.5 (449.7–687.5)

GIP

642.4 (544.9–1005.2)

419.5 (212.1–824.9)a**

386.7 (280.6–556.6)a***

631.4 (534.4–933.6) b*, c***

GLP-1

170.7 (147.9–182.8)

173.9 (152.3–177.8)

177.0 (144.18–195.56)

194.4 (175.1–237.4)a*,b***,c**

Glucagon

201.4 (181.2–219.0)

169.25 (132.33–212.71)a**

178.02 (143.45–201.81)

202.04 (154.61–262.69)

Insulin

1092.4 (474.2–1493.1)

1206.1 (600.8–1620.4)

1003.4 (487.7–1275.0)

1660.9 (1274.7–2213.7)a**,b***,c***

Leptin

6918.8 (2888.0–10,986.4)

6532 (4215–9704)

2567 (1771–5338)a***,b***

5186 (3364–6006)b*

Resistin

4165 (3282–6456)

6610 (4447–7617)a**

8034 (7032–12,190)a***

7193 (6480–8299)a***

Visfatin

1741.2 (974.2–2162.1)

1786.8 (1155.0–2440.7)

2090.4 (1677.3–2479.1)

2088 (1484–3302)

IL.1b

1.9 (1.390–2.440)

2.1 (1.770–2.560)

2.1 (1.986–2.357)

2.4 (1.950–4.160)a*

IL.1ra

107.46 (52.42–141.12)

93.93 (48.51–155.91)

99.41 (43.98–120.18)

88.38 (46.15–150.37)

IL.4

10.55 (8.24–13.96)

11.18 (9.45–14.05)

11.30 (9.32–13.44)

10.9 (7.935–14.450)

IL.5

3.4 (1.500–5.497)

3.3 (1.860–4.770)

3.0 (1.365–4.735)

3.6 (1.998–4.985)

IL.6

11.4 (8.22–12.84)

10.0 (6.21–13.11)

13.4 (9.955–18.607)

14.6 (8.662–19.793)b***

IL.8

23.56 (13.94–37.74)

23.71 (13.33–33.07)

32.90 (20.59–114.59)

31.93 (20.39–41.76)

IL.9

10.8 (6.7–14.3)

11.7 (8.18–15.00)

10.6 (6.8–13.6)

11.2 (6.8–13.8)

IL.10

12.8 (7.5–19.3)

12.58 (6.08–15.84)

13.18 (11.89–16.58)

12.2 (8.082–14.399)

IL.12

42.77 (21.95–57.14)

45.54 (23.87–64.72)

47.52 (19.54–61.02)

44.97 (26.96–70.29)

IL.13

34.43 (20.34–47.57)

25.03 (15.29–41.08)

23.31 (11.34–34.86)

28.30 (16.23–51.08)

IL.17

44.84 (12.22–72.68)

41.96 (11.48–67.74)

29.1 (3.493–86.780)

43.09 (12.29–70.50)

Eotaxin

93.00 (71.26–113.32)

103.12 (81.47–131.97)

113.61 (93.62–136.47)a**

117.12 (93.48–137.64)a*

FGF-basic

10.7 (6.7–14.0)

7.8 (2.2–11.6)

10.0 (3.9–17.0)

10.4 (7.8–16.03)

G.CSF

33.34 (16.97–42.09)

28.25 (14.07–43.22)

32.56 (9.12–50.43)

28.65 (10.34–55.58)

GM.CSF

56.39 (43.78–71.12)

34.28 (31.98–42.17)a***

46.60 (38.05–53.55)a**b**

37.55 (31.76–47.39)a*

IFN.g

90.68 (36.40–121.04)

83.60 (41.74–105.83)

97.21 (51.86–127.01)

114.56 (80.46–148.43)

IP.10

903.2 (669.0–1064.8)

974.3 (659.3–1283.5)

1253.4 (909.5–1638.2)a*,b**

962.6 (768.0–1053.7)c***

MCP.1

53.53 (48.38–66.22)

48.41 (33.02–54.22)

50.42 (41.04–55.04)

48.12 (30.85–62.78)

PDGF.BB

5050.9 (1063.8–7555.0)

6681.0 (4669–8509)

6911.0 (6572–8468)a**

6595.2 (3097.8–8398.9)

MIP.1b

101.97 (41.72–135.60)

76.42 (53.49–159.02)

123.97 (73.31–190.44)

120.22 (71.64–139.01)

Rantes

15,219 (7372–18,183)

14,305 (12,526–15,954)

13,552 (11,212–16,808)

13,248 (11,908–17,131)

TNF.alpha

34.60 (27.94–41.50)

33.87 (21.26–44.26)

37.66 (28.55–53.59)

40.73 (33.78–63.81)a*,b**

VEGF

114.50 (54.65–188.68)

127.74 (65.32–181.43)

134.96 (51.93–225.07)

132.70 (72.67–207.03)

Units (ng/ml)

Adiponectin

8975.2 (6466.4–9677.6)

8447.2 (5549.6–10,786.6)

10,033.5 (8561.3–14,092.3)

10,146.4 (5094.9–19,997.5) a

Adipsin

5809.8 (3823.6–6947.1)

6747.1 (4480.8–7179.4)

8070.2 (5327.3–15,827.5)a***,b**

7261.2 (6133.7–9968.0)a***,b**

Lipocalin-2

197.3 (155.27–259.00)

262.6 (187.87–344.5)a**

318.8 (249.7–395.3)a***,b

b

294.2 (123.39–455.10)a

PAI.1

138.7 (114.2–146.4)

120.7 (82.2–162.0)

172.7 (132.9–329.9)a***,b***

96.9 (68.2–139.4)a*, c***

Apo.AI

1405.5 (1068.6–1621.2)

1209.5 (895.8–1383.1)a

1604.6 (1231.9–2491.4)b***

1635.3 (1016.6–2385.6)b**

Apo.AII

307.2 (249.4–351.1)

266.5 (222.0–299.1)

360.0 (286.1–474.6)b***

352.7 (240.4–602.3)b*

Apo.B

120.4 (79.3–191.5)

109.3 (69.6–130.3)

156.8 (87.3–246.7)b**

136.3 (79.9–283.1)

Apo.CII

63.54 (47.87–82.56)

68.07 (43.92–81.36)

99.8 (73.05–141.21)a***, b***

83.10 (37.45–114.26)

Apo.CIII

326.5 (218.8–483.4)

247.32 (157.2–319.7)

357.5 (247.5–564.8)b**

329.0 (149.4–381.1)

Apo.E

91.0 (65.5–105.0)

76.6 (59.1–86.7)

102.5 (75.4–176.1)b***

97.8 (49.9–124.0)b

  1. Continuous variables are reported as median (25th–75th percentile) as not found normally distributed. Comparisons between outcome groups by the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s tests
  2. FDR false discovery rate
  3. * p < 0.15, ** p < 0.1 and *** p < 0.05
  4. ap < 0.05 as compared to control
  5. bp < 0.05 as compared to T2DM
  6. cp < 0.05 as compared to CAD