Fig. 4

PAD2 and PAD4 protein and mRNA expression in gingival tissues of patients with and without periodontitis. Mean positive cell scores (± SD) for a and c PAD2 and b and d PAD4 in connective and epithelial tissue sections (respectively) from patients with periodontitis (n = 15) and subjects without periodontitis (n = 15). Gene expression of e PADI2 and f PADI4 in gingival tissue biopsies of patients with periodontitis (n = 13) and without periodontitis (n = 11) using RT-qPCR. The mRNA expression is shown as fold change of periodontitis samples relative to healthy controls and calculated according to the ΔΔCt method, where periodontitis samples were normalized to the non-periodontitis samples and to corresponding GAPDH sample. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01