Non-viral gene delivery systems for tissue repair and regeneration

Table 1 Modifications for novel non viral gene delivery vectors

Function	Target stage	Description	Examples	References
Increase transfection efficiency	DNA condensation	Hydrophobic moieties	Polyethylene glycol (PEG)	[27, 48, 61, 64]
	Complex protection	Hydrophobic side chains	PEG	[27, 48, 61, 63]
		Imidazole groups		[76]
	Cellular uptake	Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs)	Arginine	[68,69,70,71]
		CPP like proteins	Glucosamine residues	[72,73,74]
			Syndecans	[75]
		Long hydrophobic chains	PEG	[48]
	Endosolysomal escape	Increase buffering capacity	Poly(l-histidine)	[185]
			Imidazole groups	[76]
			Glycosides	[78]
			Xylitol	[77]
			Cyclodextrins	[85]
			Glycerol	[36]
			Hydroxyl groups	[80]
	Nuclear translocation		Nuclear location sequence	[81]
	Transcription and translation		Transcriptional factors	[45]
	Balancing buffering capacity and cytotoxicity	Hydrophobic side chains	PEG	[62, 65]
			Guanidine groups	[27]
Decrease adverse effects	Degradability	Decrease cytotoxicity	Imidazole groups	[76]
	Tissue/cell targeting property	Peptides	ATS-9R	[82]
			RGV	[83]
			Mannose	[52]
			Tet1	[84]
			Melittin	[85]
	Stimuli-responsive moieties	Biochemistry reaction	Disulfide bonds	[186]
			Nitrobenzene moiety	[29]
Other novel nVV		Inorganic nVV	Graphene	[87]
			Inorganic coating of calcium phosphate (CaP)	[88]
			Layered double hydroxide (LDH)	[89, 90]
			SiO₂@LDH core–shell nanoparticles	[91]
		Combinatorial nVV	Cationic polymers and liposomes	[93]
			Nanoporous silicon-PEI nanoparticles	[86]
			Magnetic nanoparticles	[92]
			PAMAM conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuPAMAM)	[19]

ISSN: 1479-5876