Table 1 Spices and their major components

Anise

Pimpinella anisum

Anethole, estragole, γ-hymachalen, para-anisaldehyde, methyl cavicol

[164]

Asafoetida

Ferula asafetida

Ferulic acid, umbel-liferone, asaresinotannols, farnesiferols A, B, C, glucose, galactose, l-arabinose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, 2-butyl propenyl disulfide

[165]

Basil

Ocimum basilicum

Estragole, linalool, 1, 8-cineole, eugenol, methyl cinnamate, α-cubebene, α-farnesene, caryophyllene, β-ocimene

[166]

Bay leaves

Laurus nobilis

1,8-cineole, α-pinene, limonene, alpha-terpinyl acetate, terpinene-4-ol

[167, 168]

Black cumin

Nigella sativa

Thymoquinone, cuminaldehyde, γ-terpinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, p-mentha-1,3-diene-7-al, p-mentha-1,4-dien-7-al

[60, 169]

Black pepper

Piper nigrum

Piperine, β-caryophyllene, limonene, δ-3-carene, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, myrcene, terpinolene

[50]

Cardamom

Elettaria cardamomum

1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, limonene, linalool, terpinolene, myrcene, linalyl acetate

[56]

Celery seed

Trachyspermum ammi

2 Isopropyl-5-methyl-phenol, octadecanoic acid, lupeol acetate, hexadecanoic acid, (3β, 24S)-stigmast-5-en-3-ol, stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, lup-20(29)-en-3-yl acetate

[170]

Cinnamon

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, cineole, eugenol, coumarin, linalool, humulene, ethyl cinnamate, β-caryophyllene, τ-cadinol

[58]

Clove

Syzygium aromaticm

Eugenol, eugenyl acetate, α-humulene, β-caryophyllene

[171]

Coriander

Corriandrum sativum

Petroselinic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, vaccenic acid, myristic acid

[172]

Dill

Anethum graveolens

α-Phellandrene, limonene, dill ether, sabinene, α-pinene, n-tetracosane, neophytadiene, n-docosane, n-tricosane, n-nonadecane, n-eicosane, n-heneicosane, β-myrcene, α-tujene

[173]

Fennel

Foeniculum vulgare

Estragole, trans-anethole, fenchone, limonene, anisaldehyde, sabinene, β-myrcene, α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene

[174]

Fenugreek

Trigonella foenum-graecum

Diosgenin, yamogenin, gitogenin, tigogenin, neotigogens, carpaine, trigonelline, gentianine, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, fenugreekine, choline

[59]

Garlic

Allium sativum

Diallyl sulfides, diallyl disulfides, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, allicin, alliin, methiin, S-allylcysteine, isoalliin, cycloalliin, S-allylmercaptocysteine

[51]

Ginger

Zingiber officinale

[6]-gingerol, [6]-paradol, shogoal, 6-gingerdiol, gingerdione, zingiberene, citral (neral and geranial), bisabolene, α-farnesene, β-phellandrene, cineole, zingerone

[52, 175]

Kokum

Garcinia indica

Garcinol, xanthochymol, isoxanthochymol, 1,2-dihydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

[61]

Mint

Mentha spp.

Carvone, limonene, 1, 8-cineole

[176]

Mustard

Sinapis alba

Allyl isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate

[177]

Nutmeg

Myristica fragrans

Eugenol, methyleugenol, methylisoeugenol, elemicin, myristicin, safrole

[178]

Onion

Allium cepa

Quercetin, allyl propyl disulphide, protocatechuic acid, quercetin dimer, quercetin trimer, quercetin 4-o-β-glucoside, quercetin 3,4-o-β-diglucosides

[54, 179]

Parsley

Petroselinum crispum

Apiole, apigenin, p-1,3,8-menthatriene, β-phellandrene, myrcene, rutin, myristicin

[180]

Red pepper

Capsicum

Capsaicin, β-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, caffeic acid, capsanthin

[55]

Rosemary

Rosmarinus officinalis

Ursolic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, α-pinene, camphor, limonene, camphene, borneol, cineole, (Z)-linalool oxide, bornyl acetate

[62]

Saffron

Crocus sativus

Safranal, picrocrocin, crocetin, crocin

[181]

Sage

Salvia officinalis

1,8-cineole, camphor, α-thujone, β-thujone, viridiflorol, borneol

[182]

Sesame

Sesamum indicum

Sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol, sesamolinol, γ-tocopherol, phytic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, Δ5-avenasterol, palmitic acid, stearic acid

[183]

Star anise

Illicium verum

Estragole, aretrans-anethole, limonene, phenylpropanoids

[64]

Thyme

Thymus vulgaris

Thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, gamma-terpinene, linalool, borneol, β-caryophyllene, carvacrol methyl ether, caryophyllene oxide

[184]

Turmeric

Curcuma longa

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin

[48]

Vanilla

Vanilla planifolia

Vanillin, ethyl vanillin, vanillyl alcohol, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, piperonal

[185]