Fig. 1

Breast skin changes after IRE. a–c (skin–electrode distance: 5 mm): Color changes in breast skin with different electrode distances. The skin initially turned red (a), then purple (b), and finally became white in the central zone (c) near the electrode. d IRE ablation performed very close to the superficial skin (skin–electrode distance of 3 mm). The skin was still purple and swollen after IRE. e, f: 2–3 months after IRE, the breast appeared normal