Fig. 6

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) improves fear memory after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R). From day 5 to day 16 post-surgery, rats in the DSP-4+Sham (n = 7), DSP-4+MCAO/R (n = 13), and DSP-4+MCAO/R+VNS (n = 8) groups were tested in shuttle boxes and the avoidance-conditioned response rates (a), duration of shocks (b), and avoidance latencies were recorded (c). *Indicates a significant difference between the DSP-4+MCAO/R and Sham groups and ^#Indicates a significant difference between the DSP-4+MCAO/R+VNS and DSP-4+Sham groups. There was no difference between the DSP+MCAO/R and DSP-4+MCAO/R+VNS groups