Table 1 Changes of gut microbiota in complications after transplantation
| Â | Complications | Changes in microbiota | Animal/human studies |
|---|---|---|---|
LT | Acute rejection | Bacteroides and Ruminococcus ↑ [51] | Animal study |
|  | Phylum Bacteroidetes ↑ phylum Firmicutes ↓ [52] | Animal study | |
Infection | Bifidobacterium dentium ↑ [53] | Human study | |
Chronic bile duct hyperplasia | Enterococcus and Enterobacteria ↑Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus ↓ [56] | Animal study | |
SBT | Acute rejection | Phylum Proteobacteria ↑ phylum Firmicutes ↓ [61] | Human study |
Chronic rejection | Escherichia coli, Bacteroides spp. and Clostridium spp. ↑ Lactobacillales ↓ [62] | Animal study | |
KT | Diarrhea | Bacteroides, Ruminococcus and Coprococcus ↓ [63] | Human study |
Urinary tract infection | Enterococcus ↑ [63] | Human study | |
Acute rejection | Bacteroidetes ↓ [63] | Human study | |
HSCT | Graft-versus-host disease | Enterococci ↑ [66] | Human study |
Lactobacillales ↑ Clostridiales ↓ [69] | Animal study | ||
Escherichia coli ↑ [70] | Animal study | ||
Enterococci and Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. ↑ [78] | Animal study |