Dietary flavonoid intake and cardiovascular risk: a population-based cohort study

Ponzo, Valentina; Goitre, Ilaria; Fadda, Maurizio; Gambino, Roberto; De Francesco, Antonella; Soldati, Laura; Gentile, Luigi; Magistroni, Paola; Cassader, Maurizio; Bo, Simona

doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0573-2

Journal of Translational Medicine

Table 4 Cardiovascular events and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by tertiles of flavonoid intake (the first the lower; the third, the higher)

From: Dietary flavonoid intake and cardiovascular risk: a population-based cohort study

	First tertile	Second tertile			Third tertile
Total flavonoids
Incident CV events	54	40			31
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.65	0.42–0.99	0.05	0.45	0.28–0.73	0.001
Model 2	1	0.64	0.42–1.00	0.05	0.46	0.28–0.75	0.002
CV mortality	34	26			24
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.97	0.56–1.67	0.90	0.81	0.45–1.44	0.47
Model 2	1	0.95	0.54–1.66	0.85	0.83	0.46–1.51	0.55
All-cause mortality	89	69			62
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.86	0.62–1.21	0.38	0.73	0.51–1.04	0.08
Model 2	1	0.90	0.65–1.26	0.52	0.78	0.55–1.13	0.19
Proanthocyanids
Incident CV events	57	37			31
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.56	0.36–0.86	0.01	0.42	0.26–0.68	<0.001
Model 2	1	0.56	0.36–0.87	0.009	0.43	0.27–0.70	0.001
CV mortality	34	27			23
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.99	0.58–1.70	0.97	0.77	0.43–1.39	0.39
Model 2	1	0.98	0.56–1.69	0.93	0.80	0.44–1.46	0.46
All-cause mortality	90	70			60
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.85	0.61–1.19	0.35	0.69	0.48–0.99	0.05
Model 2	1	0.88	0.63–1.24	0.46	0.75	0.52–1.08	0.12
Flavan-3-ols
Incident CV events	57	42			26
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.69	0.46–1.05	0.08	0.40	0.25–0.65	<0.001
Model 2	1	0.71	0.47–1.08	0.11	0.42	0.26–0.68	<0.001
CV mortality	37	23			24
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.75	0.44–1.29	0.30	0.70	0.40–1.20	0.19
Model 2	1	0.79	0.46–1.37	0.40	0.72	0.41–1.26	0.25
All-cause mortality	92	71			57
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.84	0.61–1.15	0.27	0.63	0.44–0.89	0.009
Model 2	1	0.86	0.62–1.19	0.36	0.68	0.48–0.96	0.03
Anthocyanidins
Incident CV events	53	35			37
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.59	0.38–0.92	0.02	0.58	0.37–0.92	0.02
Model 2	1	0.58	0.37–0.91	0.02	0.56	0.36–0.89	0.02
CV mortality	40	20			24
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.58	0.33–1.01	0.05	0.65	0.37–1.15	0.14
Model 2	1	0.56	0.32–0.98	0.04	0.67	0.38–1.18	0.16
All-cause mortality	95	62			63
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.69	0.50–0.96	0.03	0.66	0.47–0.94	0.02
Model 2	1	0.66	0.47–0.94	0.02	0.66	0.46–0.95	0.02
Flavanones
Incident CV events	54	42			29
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.71	0.47–1.07	0.11	0.45	0.28–0.73	0.001
Model 2	1	0.73	0.48–1.10	0.13	0.48	0.29–0.77	0.003
CV mortality	39	24			21
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.67	0.40–1.13	0.14	0.56	0.32–0.99	0.05
Model 2	1	0.71	0.42–1.20	0.20	0.66	0.37–1.17	0.15
All-cause mortality	91	80			49
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.91	0.67–1.24	0.54	0.54	0.37–0.78	0.001
Model 2	1	0.94	0.68–1.29	0.69	0.59	0.40–0.85	0.005
Flavonols
Incident CV events	56	31			38
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.49	0.31–0.76	0.002	0.53	0.34–0.83	0.006
Model 2	1	0.51	0.32–0.80	0.003	0.53	0.34–0.83	0.005
CV mortality	36	22			26
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.63	0.36–1.09	0.10	0.68	0.39–1.19	0.18
Model 2	1	0.69	0.40–1.20	0.19	0.72	0.41–1.27	0.26
All-cause mortality	91	64			65
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.72	0.51–1.00	0.05	0.70	0.50–0.99	0.05
Model 2	1	0.78	0.55–1.08	0.14	0.72	0.51–1.02	0.06
Flavones
Incident CV events	42	51			32
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	1.13	0.74–1.72	0.56	0.68	0.41–1.10	0.11
Model 2	1	1.14	0.75–1.75	0.54	0.66	0.40–1.09	0.10
CV mortality	30	31			23
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	1.08	0.64–1.82	0.77	0.87	0.48–1.56	0.63
Model 2	1	1.10	0.65–1.87	0.72	0.83	0.45–1.52	0.55
All-cause mortality	88	71			61
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.79	0.57–1.09	0.16	0.71	0.50–1.01	0.06
Model 2	1	0.83	0.60–1.16	0.28	0.73	0.51–1.05	0.09
Isoflavones
Incident CV events	48	38			39
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.78	0.51–1.20	0.26	0.77	0.49–1.19	0.23
Model 2	1	0.81	0.53–1.25	0.35	0.77	0.49–1.21	0.26
CV mortality	30	34			20
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	1.23	0.74–2.03	0.42	0.78	0.44–1.41	0.42
Model 2	1	1.21	0.73–2.02	0.48	0.74	0.41–1.36	0.34
All-cause mortality	95	63			62
	HR	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Model 1	1	0.68	0.49–0.94	0.02	0.70	0.50–0.98	0.04
Model 2	1	1.45	1.05–2.00	0.03	1.39	1.00–1.95	0.05

Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, living in a rural area, METs (h/week), fiber and saturated fatty acid intakes, Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, living in a rural area, METs (hour/week), fiber, and saturated fatty acid intakes, alcohol intake, smoking, values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total and HDL-cholesterol, fasting glucose, CRP, statin and aspirin use.

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