Chronic vagus nerve stimulation improves left ventricular function in a canine model of chronic mitral regurgitation

Table 1 Left ventricular function and hemodynamics in MR: effect of VNS

Measurement	Arm	Baseline	3 month	6 month
HR (beats/min)	Control	103 ± 6	135 ± 9	139 ± 11
	VNS	106 ± 6	137 ± 10	122 ± 7*
mAoP (mm Hg)	Control	99 ± 5	85 ± 8	80 ± 8
	VNS	97 ± 5	86 ± 9	78 ± 9
PCWP (mm Hg)	Control	5.9 ± 0.4	17.4 ± 1.4	19.1 ± 1.9
	VNS	5.7 ± 0.5	18.6 ± 1.6	13.2 ± 1.7*
dp/dt_max (mm Hg/s)	Control	2543 ± 226	1925 ± 255	1782 ± 278
	VNS	2496 ± 209	1911 ± 243	1938 ± 295
RF (%)	Control	58 ± 3	63 ± 4	61 ± 5
	VNS	59 ± 3	65 ± 4	61 ± 6
LVEDD (cm)	Control	3.5 ± 0.2	4.9 ± 0.3	5.8 ± 0.3
	VNS	3.4 ± 0.2	4.8 ± 0.3	6.1 ± 0.4
LVESD (cm)	Control	1.9 ± 0.1	2.6 ± 0.1	3.1 ± 0.3
	VNS	1.8 ± 0.1	2.5 ± 0.1	3.2 ± 0.3
LVEDV (ml)	Control	43 ± 4	84 ± 10	110 ± 12
	VNS	42 ± 4	85 ± 10	117 ± 13
LVESV (ml)	Control	19 ± 3	30 ± 8	41 ± 10
	VNS	18 ± 3	28 ± 8	42 ± 11
LV mass/BW (g/kg)	Control	3.8 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.3	5.8 ± 0.3
	VNS	3.7 ± 0.2	5.4 ± 0.3	6.3 ± 0.3*

Values presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 compared with the control.
HR = heart rate; mAoP = mean aortic pressure; PWCP = Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; RF = regurgitant fraction; LV = left ventricle/ventricular; EDD = end-diastolic dimension; EDV = end- diastolic volume; ESD = end-systolic dimension; ESV = end-systolic volume; BW = body weight.