Fig. 4

BE5 cell subgroup enhancing the progression of BPH. A Bar plot illustrating the percentage of FOS− and FOS+ BE5 cells in the total of normal and BPH BE5 cells (up); Violin plots depicting the expression levels of FOS in normal and BPH FOS+ BE5 cells (down). B Analysis of c-Fos expression by anti-c-Fos IF (green) in prostate tissues of BPH patients (nuclei counterstained with DAPI). The scale bar was set at 500 μm for H&E images and 100 μm for IF images. C Scatter plot illustrating the Pearson correlation between prostate volume and both the integrated density and mean gray value of c-Fos. D Heatmap displaying the significantly enriched signaling pathways among normal, BPH_GN, and BPH_SN BE5 cells on Hallmark gene-set collection (N = 50) in scRNA-seq data. E Potential trajectory of normal, BPH_GN, and BPH_SN BE5 cells colored by group, state, and pseudo-time in scRNA-seq data. F Heatmap showing the selected DEGs (q value < 1e-04) which was clustered into four profiles as well as the significant enriched Hallmark pathways for the clusters in scRNA-seq data (p value < 0.05; FDR < 0.05). G Potential trajectory of normal, BPH_GN, and BPH_SN BE5 cells colored by the scores of Hypoxia, EMT, and cell proliferation related Hallmark pathways in scRNA-seq data