Fig. 5

Endoplasmic reticulum stress was increased significantly. A Transcription levels of multiple genes involved in disulfide bond formation. B Transcription levels of genes involved in transportation across the ER membrane and the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of misfolded/unfolded proteins. C Transcription levels of ER stress marker genes. D Transcription levels of molecular chaperones that assist in protein folding. E UMAP plot depicting the single-cell activity of the “unfolded protein binding” pathway with the GSVA score. F UMAP plot depicting the single-cell activity of the “misfolded protein binding” pathway with the GSVA score. G Role of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in alleviating ERS