Very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD): a therapeutic nutritional tool for acne?

Table 4 Simple and adjusted correlations among the Δ% GAGS score and changes in the study parameters after 45 days of the active phase of VLCKD

Δ%	Δ% GAGS
	Simple		Adjusted for Δ% FM
	r	p-value	r	p-value
Anthropometric parameters
Weight (kg)	0.505	0.004	0.327	0.078
BMI (kg/m²)	0.507	0.004	0.332	0.073
WC (cm)	0.445	0.012	0.240	0.201
Body composition parameters
R (Ω)	− 0.456	0.010	− 0.550	0.002
Xc (Ω)	− 0.657	< 0.001	− 0.565	0.001
PhA (°)	− 0.603	< 0.001	− 0.502	0.005
TBW (lt)	0.547	0.001	0.570	0.001
TBW (%)	0.031	0.868	0.417	0.022
ECW (lt)	0.660	< 0.001	0.574	0.001
ECW (%)	0.583	0.001	0.470	0.009
ICW (lt)	− 0.342	0.060	− 0.017	0.929
ICW (%)	− 0.582	0.001	− 0.462	0.010
FM (kg)	0.407	0.023	–	–
FM (%)	0.345	0.057	–	–
FFM (kg)	0.329	0.071	0.601	< 0.001
FFM (%)	− 0.175	0.346	0.465	0.010
BCM (kg)	–0427	0.017	− 0.161	0.396
BCMI (kg/m²)	− 0.428	0.016	− 0.164	0.387
SMM (kg)	0.455	0.012	0.545	0.002
SMM (%)	0.115	0.540	0.456	0.011
Dysbiosis and oxidative stress parameters
TMAO (µM)	0.415	0.020	0.130	0.495
dROMS (U Carr)	0.775	< 0.001	0.756	< 0.001
Dermatological parameters
DLQI (score)	0.736	< 0.001	0.683	< 0.001

A p-value in bold type denotes a significant difference (p < 0.05)
GAGS global acne grading system, DLQI dermatology life quality index, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, R resistance, Xc reactance, PhA phase angle, TBW total body water, ECW extracellular water, ICW intracellular water, FM fat mass, FFM fat free mass, BCM body cell mass, BCMI body cell mass index, SMM skeletal muscle mass, dROMS reactive oxygen metabolites, TMAO trimethylamine n-oxide

ISSN: 1479-5876