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Table 1 The baseline characteristics of study participants

From: Association of domain-specific physical activity with albuminuria among prediabetes and diabetes: a large cross-sectional study

Variables

Overall

Without albuminuria

With albuminuria

P value

Sample, n (%)

6739

5161(76.58)

1578(23.42)

 

Age, years

56.52 ± 0.29

55.39 ± 0.33

61.15 ± 0.49

 < 0.001

BMI, kg/m2

32.22 ± 0.14

32.11 ± 0.15

32.67 ± 0.32

0.109

Gender, n (%)

   

0.999

 Female

3181(47.20)

2469(47.36)

712(47.37)

 

 Male

3558(52.80)

2692(52.64)

866(52.63)

 

Race/Ethnicity, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

 Mexican Americans

1185(17.58)

882(8.86)

303(11.28)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

1408(20.89)

1046(10.28)

362(13.47)

 

 Non-Hispanic White

2719(40.35)

2120(68.14)

599(61.79)

 

 Other races

1427(21.18)

1113(12.73)

314(13.46)

 

Education, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

 Less Than 9th Grade

1004(14.90)

710(6.96)

294(12.17)

 

 9–11th Grade

1064(15.79)

785(11.64)

279(14.47)

 

 High School

1575(23.37)

1214(24.48)

361(26.46)

 

 Some College

1880(27.90)

1471(32.19)

409(28.40)

 

 College or above

1216(18.04)

981(24.73)

235(18.50)

 

Marital status, n (%)

   

0.002

 Married

3760(55.79)

2936(60.22)

824(55.54)

 

 Unmarried

704(10.45)

562(10.85)

142(9.47)

 

 Others

2275(33.76)

1663(28.93)

612(34.99)

 

PIR, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

  ≤ 1.30

2335(34.65)

1711(21.33)

624(30.30)

 

 1.30–3.50

2620(38.88)

1965(36.64)

655(40.43)

 

  > 3.50

1784(26.47)

1485(42.03)

299(29.27)

 

Serum creatinine, μmol/L

82.19 ± 0.58

78.48 ± 0.39

97.36 ± 2.59

 < 0.001

Serum uric acid, μmol/L

344.40 ± 1.55

341.27 ± 1.73

357.21 ± 3.21

 < 0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

5036(74.73)

3659(69.39)

1377(86.84)

 < 0.001

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

5742(85.21)

4353(85.11)

1389(88.27)

0.031

Smoke, n (%)

   

0.011

 Never

3434(50.95)

2694(51.25)

740(44.91)

 

 Former

2140(31.76)

1590(32.32)

550(37.76)

 

 Current

1165(17.29)

877(16.43)

288(17.33)

 

CVD, n (%)

1348(20.00)

868(15.65)

480(27.91)

 < 0.001

Alcohol status, n (%)

   

 < 0.001

 Never

1816(26.95)

1434(30.56)

382(25.44)

 

 Former

1510(22.41)

1076(17.22)

434(24.84)

 

 Mild

2264(33.60)

1793(39.23)

471(33.54)

 

 Heavy

1816(26.95)

1434(30.56)

382(25.44)

 

Medication use, n (%)

    

 Anti-hypertensive drugs

822(12.20)

618(11.48)

204(12.28)

0.508

 Anti-diabetic drugs

2844(42.20)

1937(34.31)

907(54.61)

 < 0.001

Total PA: achieved, n (%)

3365(49.93)

2705(55.99)

660(42.84)

 < 0.001

OPA: achieved, n (%)

1941(28.80)

1555(34.26)

386(27.25)

0.003

TPA: achieved, n (%)

730(10.83)

568(9.69)

162(8.27)

0.167

LTPA: achieved, n (%)

1600(23.74)

1329(28.73)

271(18.05)

 < 0.001

  1. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SE, and categorical variables were presented as the frequency with percentage
  2. BMI, body mass index; PIR, poverty income ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease; PA, physical activity; OPA, occupation-related PA; TPA, transportation-related PA; LTPA, leisure-time PA; SE, standard error
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Journal of Translational Medicine

ISSN: 1479-5876

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