Increased risk of psychiatric disorder in patients with hearing loss: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Nian, Qun-Yi; Cheng, Chun-An; Cheng, Li-Hsiang; Lin, Yuan-Yung; Wang, Chin-Hung; Chien, Wu-Chien; Chu, Yueng-Hsiang; Shih, Cheng-Ping; Kuo, Chao-Yin; Chen, Hsin-Chien; Lee, Jih-Chin; Chung, Chi-Hsiang; Shangkuan, Wei-Chuan; Lin, Hung-Che

doi:10.1186/s12967-024-04992-4

Journal of Translational Medicine

Table 1 Characteristics of study in the endpoint

From: Increased risk of psychiatric disorder in patients with hearing loss: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Hearing loss	Total		With		Without		P
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%	P
Total	432,610		86,522	20.00	346,088	80.00
Poor prognosis							< 0.001
Without	388,019	89.69	73,181	84.58	314,838	90.97
With	44,591	10.31	13,341	15.42	31,250	9.03
Sex							0.999
Male	222,560	51.45	44,512	51.45	178,048	51.45
Female	210,050	48.55	42,010	48.55	168,040	48.55
Age (years)	45.44 ± 19.59		43.33 ± 18.92		45.97 ± 19.76		< 0.001
Age groups (years)							< 0.001
≦ 19	139,499	32.25	29,101	33.63	110,398	31.90
20–44	72,821	16.83	14,501	16.76	58,320	16.85
45–64	87,506	20.23	17,203	19.88	70,303	20.31
≧ 65	132,784	30.69	25,717	29.72	107,067	30.94
Insured premium (NT$)							< 0.001
< 18,000	349,095	80.70	70,124	81.05	278,971	80.61
18,000–34,999	46,022	10.64	11,012	12.73	35,010	10.12
≧ 35,000	37,493	8.67	5386	6.23	32,107	9.28
DM							< 0.001
Without	380,916	88.05	75,401	87.15	305,515	88.28
With	51,694	11.95	11,121	12.85	40,573	11.72
HTN							< 0.001
Without	377,460	87.25	73,024	84.40	304,436	87.96
With	55,150	12.75	13,498	15.60	41,652	12.04
Renal disease							< 0.001
Without	375,379	86.77	72,192	83.44	303,187	87.60
With	57,231	13.23	14,330	16.56	42,901	12.40
Hyperlipidemia							< 0.001
Without	404,343	93.47	79,157	91.49	325,186	93.96
With	28,267	6.53	7365	8.51	20,902	6.04
Thyrotoxicosis							0.872
Without	407,640	94.23	81,453	94.14	326,187	94.25
With	24,970	5.77	5069	5.86	19,901	5.75
Septicemia							0.837
Without	428,301	99.00	85,650	98.99	342,651	99.01
With	4309	1.00	872	1.01	3,437	0.99
Pneumonia							< 0.001
Without	392,434	90.71	77,510	89.58	314,924	91.00
With	40,176	9.29	9012	10.42	31,164	9.00
CLD							< 0.001
Without	390,370	90.24	77,484	89.55	312,886	90.41
With	42,240	9.76	9038	10.45	33,202	9.59
Injury							< 0.001
Without	372,410	86.08	67,625	78.16	304,785	88.07
With	60,200	13.92	18,897	21.84	41,303	11.93
Tumor							0.422
Without	422,302	97.62	84,300	97.43	338,002	97.66
With	10,308	2.38	2222	2.57	8,086	2.34
Season							0.084
Spring	102,754	23.75	20,875	24.13	81,879	23.66
Summer	107,037	24.74	21,065	24.35	85,972	24.84
Autumn	113,544	26.25	22,872	26.43	90,672	26.20
Winter	109,275	25.26	21,710	25.09	87,565	25.30
Location							< 0.001
Northern Taiwan	122,620	28.34	25,008	28.90	97,612	28.20
Central Taiwan	120,130	27.77	23,232	26.85	96,898	28.00
Southern Taiwan	119,793	27.69	24,121	27.88	95,672	27.64
Eastern Taiwan	47,967	11.09	9855	11.39	38,112	11.01
Outlying islands	22,100	5.11	4306	4.98	17,794	5.14
Urbanization level							< 0.001
1 (the highest)	123,646	28.58	24,952	28.84	98,694	28.52
2	129,123	29.85	25,771	29.79	103,352	29.86
3	86,125	19.91	16,101	18.61	70,024	20.23
4 (the lowest)	93,716	21.66	19,698	22.77	74,018	21.39
Level of care							< 0.001
Hospital center	131,624	30.43	31,652	36.58	99,972	28.89
Regional hospital	161,052	37.23	30,042	34.72	131,010	37.85
Local hospital	139,934	32.35	24,828	28.70	115,106	33.26

p: Chi-square test on category variables and Mann–Whitney U-test on continue variables

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ISSN: 1479-5876

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