Fig. 9

Schematic diagram depicting the role of HFHS diet in female reproductive disorders. Proposed working model of HFHS diet-induced female reproductive and metabolic disorders. The HFHS diet induces heightened levels of serum testosterone, LH, and LH/FSH ratio, as well as an increase in ovarian antral follicles and irregular estrous cycles in female mice. Mechanistically, the HFHS diet disrupts the steroid hormone biosynthesis, glucolipid metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis pathways in the ovary. Furthermore, metabolic dysfunctions, including adiposity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance, are observed in HFHS mice. Collectively, these reproductive and metabolic abnormalities contribute to the onset of polycystic ovary syndrome