Outcomes | OR | 95%CI | P value |
---|
CRDS | 0.88 | 0.82–0.95 |  < 0.01 |
Asthma | 0.92 | 0.85–0.99 | 0.02 |
Chronic bronchitis | 0.88 | 0.78–0.98 | 0.03 |
Emphysema | 0.70 | 0.55–0.89 |  < 0.01 |
- OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; WQS, weighted quantile sum. WQS regression model was adjusted for age (< 40, 40–59, or > 59), sex (male or female), race/ethnicity (Mexican American, Other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black or Other), education level (below high school, high school, or above high school), family poverty income ratio (≤ 1.0, 1.1–3.0, or > 3.0), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, or current smoker), energy intake levels (in tertiles), metabolic syndrome (yes or no), and supplement use (yes or no)