Fig. 7
Proposed model of human GBM cell death mediated by ZIKV-LAV infection. A–D General virus infection life cycle. A ZIKV-LAV enters human GBM cells through Axl and integrin αvβ5 cellular receptors. B The ZIKV-LAV genome is translated to express viral proteins and the viral genome is replicated. C The viral genome and viral proteins assemble the nucleoprotein in preparation for (D) release of progeny into the surroundings with concomitant viral incorporation of host cell membrane. E Cellular and viral proteins expressed during ZIKV-LAV infection are also responsible for cell death in human GBM. F–G cleavage of caspase-3 leads to non-lytic or non-inflammatory cell death by apoptosis; H–I cleavage of gasdermin-D (GSDMD) leads to the formation of membrane pore complexes that shuttles inflammatory IL-1β outside of the cells. GSDMD cleavage also leads to inflammasome activation and lytic and inflammatory cell death by pyroptosis. Image created with BioRender.com