Fig. 5

Causal effects of risk factors on LUAD through MR analyses. The squares are the causal estimates on the OR scale, and the whiskers represent the 95% CI for these ORs. nSNPs: number of SNPs used for the estimation of the causal effects in this plot. OR per SD increase in plasma protein levels as LUAD risk increased. P values were determined from the IVW MR method. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; MR: Mendelian randomization; SD: standard deviation; IVW: inverse-variance-weighted