Fig. 3

Overview workflow of multi-omics in pregnancy. a, study design is a key feature in a project to collect samples and measure omics to investigate birth development, pregnancy physiology and pathophysiology, and long-term health effect at molecular levels. b, various sample matrices can be collected from individuals (mothers and babies), including breast milk, stool, urine, and blood. c, d, omics technologies such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) for genome and metagenome data, and LC–MS for metabolomics and proteomics profiling enable measuring millions of biomarkers of health. e, downstream analysis includes processing data and applying computational approaches to discover patterns that explain molecular dynamics of pregnancy biology, causality, and correlations. This figure is created with BioRender.com