Fig. 2

Polarization of TAM and their biological properties. Stimulated by cytokines (such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, etc.), M1-type macrophages can secrete cytokines (such as IL-1, IL-6, etc.), express CD64, CD80, CD86, and MHC II, and exhibit anti-tumor effects. Comparatively, stimulated by cytokines (such as IL-4, IL-13, etc.), M2-type macrophages can secrete IL-10 and TGF-β, express CD206, CD163, ARG1, and exhibit pro-tumor effects. Under the stimulation of different molecules (such as SMAR1, etc.) and factors (such as CSF-1, CCL2, etc.), M1-type macrophages and M2-type macrophages can transform into each other. TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ interferon-γ, IL-4 interleukin-4, IL-13 interleukin-13, IL-1 interleukin-1, IL-6 interleukin-6, IL-12 interleukin-12, IL-23  interleukin-23, IL-10 interleukin-10, CXCL-10 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, MMPs matrix metalloproteinases, CCL2 C-C chemokine ligand 2, CSF-1 colony stimulating factor-1, EGF epidermal growth factor