Fig. 2

Distinguishing cell types of ccRCC samples. A. UMAP plot of subpopulation clustering analysis of 5856 cells. B. UMAP plot showing clusters of cells clustered in groups of ccRCC and normal samples. C. Violin plots depicting the expression of ccRCC tumor marker genes CA9 and NDUFA4L2. D. UMAP plots showing the different enrichment profiles of CA9 and NDUFA4L2 in the 15 subpopulations. E. Violin plot of CA9 and NDUFA4L2 expression levels significantly increased in tumor cells (tumor vs. epithelial, Mann–Whitney U test, ***p < 0.001). F. Violin plots showing the expression of the epithelial cell marker genes KRT8 and KRT18. G. Heatmap showing the results of CNV analysis. The upper heatmap represents the CNV profile of reference cells, while the lower heatmap represents the CNV profile of target cells. Red indicates CNV amplification, blue indicates CNV deletion and the depth of color represents the magnitude of CNV variation. H. Box plot illustrating the CNV levels across distinct cell clusters (Mann–Whitney U test, *** p < 0.001)