Fig. 2

Potential direct effects of cardiac hypertrophy on tumor growth and metastasis. Cardiac hypertrophy was shown to enhance lung and breast cancer growth and metastasis. It has been reported that cardiac expression and plasma levels of periostin increase in a cardiac hypertrophy model. It has also been shown that expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and fibronectin (FN) increases in cardiac and tumor tissues and in plasma. Blue arrows indicate the changes of potential cardiokines. Red arrows indicate the effect of cardiac hypertrophy on tumor growth. Figure created with BioRender.com