Fig. 3

Impact of melatonin on tumor cell cytotoxicity and expansion of CD19 CAR-T cells in vitro. A Schematic representation of the CD19-CAR construct incorporating 4-1BB co-stimulation (CD19scFv-4-1BB-CD3ζ). B Flow cytometry analysis of the percentage of T cells expressing CD19 CAR on their surface. C Expansion potential of CAR-T cells in the presence of melatonin. D Cytotoxicity assay of CAR-T cells against CD19 + B cells (Raji cells) at varying effector:target (E:T) ratios. E–G Cytokine production analysis by CD19 CAR-T cells in the supernatant of effector-target cell co-cultures. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments. Summary graphs (N = 5) are presented as mean ± SEM