Fig. 3

CFH inhibits the migration, invasion, and TNF-α-induced expression of inflammatory mediators of RA FLSs. The FLSs were pretreated with TNF-α（50 ng/ml), TNF-α（50 ng/ml) + CFH (5 μg/ml), or CFH (5 μg/ml) for 24 h (n = 5–10). A The expression of secreted CFH in the culture supernatant of RA-FLS and OA-FLS detected by ELISA. B-C The effect of CFH on cell migration was detected using wound healing assay. The scratching area was photographed at 0 h and 24 h. The scratch assay was presented as the percentage by which the original scratch area decreased at 24 h. Representative images (original magnification, × 200) are shown. D-E FLS invasion ability was measured by Transwell assay, and the invaded cells were photographed. The relative invasion rate was calculated by counting mean invaded cells from 5 randomly selected fields and then normalized to that in the NC group. Representative images (original magnification, × 200) are shown. F–G The expression of secreted cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-3) in culture supernatant of RA-FLS and OA-FLS in each group were detected by ELISA. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. MMP-1: matrix metalloproteinase-1; MMP-3: matrix metalloproteinase-3