Fig. 1

Single-cell landscape of healthy stomach, gastric primary and metastatic cancers. A. UMAP diagram showing the 20 major cell typesB . Bubble heatmap showing the expression of benign/malignant epithelium-specific markers in six epithelial cell subpopulations. CHIEF cells and endocrine cells are normal gastric epithelial cells. C. Boxplot showing benign/malignant epithelium-specific functional scores in six epithelial cell subpopulations. D. UMAP diagram colored by different disease states. PT1, PT2, and PT3 are derived from gastric primary tumors. NT1 is derived from adjacent nontumors. LN1 and LN2 are derived from lymph node metastases. L1 and L2 are derived from liver metastases. O1 is derived from metastases. P1 is derived from peritoneal metastases. E. Scale diagram showing cellular composition in different disease states. EpiC1-C4 was named GC-C1-C4. EpiC5 is named EPI-CHIEF. EpiC6 is named EPI-ECDOCRINE. F. Violin plot showing the expression of marker genes for each cell type. Wilcoxon test: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001