Fig. 4

The growth of Escherichia coli is influenced by the supernatant of intestinal epithelial cells. A The proliferative capacity of both pathogenic and commensal E. coli is affected by the supernatant of D-galactose-induced HT29 cells. B The impact of D-galactose-induced HT29 cells and/or the O-glycan synthesis inhibitor benzyl-α-GalNAc-treated cell supernatant on the proliferative capacity of pathogenic and commensal E. coli. Differences between two groups were assessed using Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001