Table 3 Summaries of EBV vaccine trials

[104]

Monomeric gp350/(MPL)

181 EBV-seronegative young adults

Phase II

Efficacy: 78%; neutralizing antibodies was induced up to 18 months, but no prevention against asymptomatic EBV infection

[105]

Monomeric gp350/(alhydrogel)

16 EBV-negative children with CKD, candidates of renal transplantation

Phase I

13 recipients had IgG response; only 4 recipients induced neutralizing antibodies but immune response declined rapidly. Poor immunogenicity against PTLD protection

[106]

Trimeric gH/gL and gB/(alum + CpG-ODN)

Rabbit

–

Potent EBV-neutralizing titers induced, neutralizing titre were

 > 100-fold than monomeric gp350

 > 20-fold than monomeric gh/gL

 > 18-fold than trimeric gB, and

 > fourfold than tetrameric gp350

[107]

Chimeric VLP: EBV gp350/220

BALB/c mice

–

Long-term neutralizing antibodies was induced

[108]

Packaging cell line VLP: modified EBV genome with deletion of TR

Epithelial cell line

–

Able to target B-cell in vitro, unwanted recombinant DNA was performed

[109]

Packaging cell line VLP: modified EBV genome with inactivation of six viral genes

293-VII + producer cell line, and BALB/c mice

–

High immunogenicity, induced potent neutralizing polyvalent antibodies and T-cells responses in vitro and in vivo models

[110]

Latent protein as vaccine candidates: CD8⁺ T-cell peptide

Epitope-based/(water-in-oil emulsion)

14 HLA B*0801 positive, EBV-seronegative adults

Phase I

1/2 placebo recipients acquired developed IM

4/4 peptide recipients acquired asymptomatic EBV infection